15th-century neologisms

thumb|A midsummer bonfire in [[Seurasaari, Helsinki, Finland]] thumb|On the beaches of Duindorp (pictured) and [[Scheveningen, both part of The Hague, teams annually compete to build the world's largest bonfire]]

thumb|Illumination from the records of King Frederick, dated 1446 "A.E.I.O.U." (sometimes spelled A.E.I.O.V.) was a symbolic device coined by Emperor Frederick III (1415–1493) and historically used as a motto by the Habsburgs. One note in his notebook (discovered in 1666), though not in the same hand, explains it in German and Latin as "All the world is subject to Austria" ( or ). Frederick habitually signed buildings such as Santa Maria dell'Anima in Rome, , or Graz Cathedral as well as his tableware and other objects with the vowel graphemes. A.E.I.O.U. is also the motto of the Theresian Mil

A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the 15th century. Originally a phrase (the common-wealth or the common wealth – echoed in the modern synonym "public wealth"), it comes from the old meaning of "wealth", which is "well-being", and was deemed analogous to the Latin res publica. The term literally meant "common well-being". In the 17th century, the definition of "commonwealth" expanded from its original sense of "public welfare" or "commonweal

Laird () is a Scottish word for minor lord (or landlord) and is a designation that applies to an owner of a large, long-established Scottish estate. In the traditional Scottish order of precedence, a laird ranked below a baron and above a gentleman. This rank was held only by those holding official recognition in a territorial designation by the Lord Lyon King of Arms. They are usually styled [name] [surname] of [lairdship]. However, since "laird" is a courtesy title, it has no formal status in law.

, also known as Mei-ō, was a after Entoku and before Bunki. This period spanned the years from through . Reigning emperors were and .

was a after Ōei and before Eikyō, from April 1428 until September 1429. The reigning emperors were and .

was a after Ōnin and before Chōkyō. This period spanned from 8 June 1469 (28th day of 4th month of Ōnin 3 through 9 August 1487 (20th day of 7th month of Bunmei 20) The reigning emperor was . thumb | right | Shoso-in from the period ==Change of era== 1469 : The era name was changed to mark an event or a number of events. The old era ended and a new one commenced in Ōnin 3.

was a after Eikyō and before ''Bun'an''. This period spanned the years from February 1441 through February 1444. The reigning emperor was .

was a after Chōkyō and before Meiō. This period spanned the years from August 1489 through July 1492. The reigning emperor was .

was a after Kōshō and before Kanshō. This period spanned the years from September 1457 through December 1460. The reigning emperor was .

was a after Kanshō and before Ōnin. The period spanned the years 14 March 1466 (28th day of 2nd month of Kansho 7) through 9 April 1467 (5th day of 2nd month, Bunsho 2). The reigning emperor during this period was .

was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, "year name") after Bunmei and before Entoku. This period spanned the years from July 1487 through August 1489. The reigning emperor was Go-Tsuchimikado-tennō (後土御門天皇).

was a after Kakitsu and before Hotoku. This period spanned the years from February 1444 through July 1449. The reigning emperor was .

was a after Shōchō and before Kakitsu. This period spanned the years from September 1429 through February 1441. The reigning emperor was .

was a after Bunshō and before Bunmei. This period spanned the years from 9 April 1467 (5th day of 3rd month of Bunshō 2) through 8 June 1469 (28th day of 4th month of Ōnin 3). The reigning emperor was .

was a after ''Bun'an and before Kyōtoku.'' This period spanned the years from July 1449 through July 1452. The reigning emperor was .

was a after Chōroku and before Bunshō. This period spanned from 1 February 1461 (21st day of 12th month of Choruko 4) through 14 March 1466 (28th day of 2nd month of Kansho 7. The reigning emperors were and .

was a after Kyōtoku and before Chōroku. This period spanned the years from July 1455 through September 1457. The reigning emperor was .

was a after Hōtoku and before Kōshō. This period spanned the years from July 1452 through July 1455. The reigning emperor was .

thumb|Colley Cibber as Lord Foppington in [[John Vanbrugh's The Relapse (1696)]] thumb|A foppish medical student smoking a cigarette, denoting a cavalier attitude