1817 introductions

thumb|A toy kaleidoscope

sign language used predominately in the United States

thumb|225px|Velocipedes from an 1887 German encyclopedia. Among the examples shown are a penny farthing and a boneshaker.

The ophicleide ( ) is a family of conical-bore keyed brass instruments invented in early 19th-century France to extend the keyed bugle into the lower range. Of these, the bass ophicleide in eight-foot (8′) C or 9′ B took root over the course of the 19th century in military bands and as the bass of orchestral brass sections throughout Western Europe, replacing the serpent and its later upright derivatives. By the end of the 19th century, however, it had been largely superseded, in bands by the euphonium and in orchestras by early forms of the modern tuba, some developed from valved ophicleides.

intentional avoiding logical thinking when dealing with a piece of work for the sake of enjoyment