19th century in philosophy

Existentialism is a family of philosophical views and inquiry that explore the human individual's struggle to lead an authentic life despite the apparent absurdity or incomprehensibility of existence. In examining meaning, purpose, and value, existentialist thought often includes concepts such as existential crises, angst, courage, and freedom.

thumb|right|upright=1|Auguste Comte, the founder of modern positivism

Scientism is the belief that science and the scientific method are the best or only way to render truth about the world and reality.

The Narodniks were members of a movement of the Russian Empire intelligentsia in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarism. Their ideology, known as Narodism, Narodnism, or '''''', was a form of agrarian socialism, though it is often misunderstood as populism.

philosophical theory of mind that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are

overview of philosophy-related events during the 19th century

Doxa (; from verb ) is a common belief or popular opinion. In classical rhetoric, doxa is contrasted with episteme ('knowledge').

realist school of philosophy

thumb|Divine Justice smites Jean-Baptiste Pigalle's statue of [[Voltaire. Anonymous, 1773]] The Counter-Enlightenment refers to a loose collection of intellectual stances that arose during the European Enlightenment in opposition to its mainstream attitudes and ideals. The Counter-Enlightenment is generally seen to have continued from the 18th century into the early 19th century, especially with the rise of Romanticism. Its thinkers did not necessarily agree to a set of counter-doctrines but instead each challenged specific elements of Enlightenment thinking, such as the belief in progress, th

essay by Houston Stewart Chamberlain

group of philosophers and psychologists

comparison of the ideas of 19th-century German philosophers

period of intellectual movements in Iran from the late 19th century to the early 20th