1st-century monarchs in Europe

Boudica or Boudicca (, from Brythonic * 'victory, win' + * (adjectival suffix), i.e. 'Victorious Woman', known in Latin chronicles as Boadicea or Boudicea, and in Welsh as '''''', ) was a queen of the ancient British Iceni tribe, who led a failed uprising against the conquering forces of the Roman Empire in AD 60 or 61. She is considered a British national heroine and a symbol of the struggle for justice and independence.

Arminius (; 18/17 BC–AD 21; Hermann in German) was a chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe who is best known for commanding an alliance of Germanic tribes at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9, in which three Roman legions under the command of general and governor Publius Quinctilius Varus were destroyed. His victory at Teutoburg Forest precipitated the Roman Empire's permanent strategic withdrawal and the deprovincialization of Germania Magna, and modern historians regard it as one of Imperial Rome's greatest defeats. As it prevented the Romanization of Germanic peoples east of the

Decebalus (; ), sometimes referred to as Diurpaneus, was the last Dacian king. He is known for fighting three wars, with varying success, against the Roman Empire under two emperors. After raiding south across the Danube, he defeated a Roman invasion in the reign of Domitian, securing a period of independence during which Decebalus consolidated his rule.

Caratacus was a 1st-century AD British chieftain of the Catuvellauni tribe, who resisted the Roman conquest of Britain.

leader of the Batavian rebellion against the Romans in 69 AD

Cartimandua or Cartismandua (reigned ) was a 1st-century queen of the Brigantes, a Romano-British people living in what is now northern England. She is known through the writings of Roman historian Tacitus.

thumb|upright|Coin of Cunobeline Cunobeline or Cunobelin (Common Brittonic: *Cunobelinos, "Dog-Strong"), also known by his name's Latin form '''', was a king in pre-Roman Britain from about to about He is mentioned in passing by the classical historians Suetonius and Dio Cassius, and many coins bearing his inscription have been found. He controlled a substantial portion of southeastern Britain, including the territories of the Catuvellauni and the Trinovantes, and he was called "King of the Britons" (Britannorum rex'') by Suetonius. Cunobeline may have been a client king of Rome, based on the

Prasutagus (died AD 60 or 61) was king of the Iceni, a British Celtic tribe, who, in the 1st century AD, inhabited roughly what is now Norfolk. He is best known as the husband of Boudica.

1st century AD King of Iberia

thumb|upright=1.3|19th-century print depicting Calgacus delivering his speech to the Caledonians. According to Tacitus, Calgacus (sometimes Calgacos or Galgacus) was a chieftain of the Caledonian Confederacy who fought the Roman army of Gnaeus Julius Agricola at the Battle of Mons Graupius in northern Scotland in AD 83 or 84. Some older scholarship has proposed a Brittonic derivation, *calg‑ac‑os, meaning 'possessing a blade' or 'swordsman', but this interpretation is highly speculative and not attested in contemporary sources. Several scholars have connected the name Calgacus with the Gaelic

Roman client ruler of the Bosporan Kingdom

Tiberius Julius Aspurgus Philoromaios (, fl. second half of 1st century BC and first half of 1st century AD; died 37/38) was a prince and Roman client king of the Bosporan Kingdom.

king of Thrace, 1st c. BCE

Roman Client Queen of Thrace (10 BC - AD 55)

right|400px|thumb|Relatives of Segimer Segimer or Sigimer ( or ; fl. 1st century BC) was a chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe. He is remembered in history as the father of Arminius, who led the Germans to victory over the Romans at Teutoburg Forest in AD9.

1st century Briton king

Togodumnus (maybe died AD 43) was king of the British Catuvellauni tribe, whose capital was at St Albans, at the time of the Roman conquest. He can probably be identified with the legendary British king Guiderius. He is usually thought to have led the fight against the Romans alongside his brother but to have been killed early in the campaign. However some authorities now argue that he sided with the Romans and is one and the same person as the client-king Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, whose original name may have been Togidubnus or Togodumnus.

thumb|250px|Section of Tor Dyke, defensive wall built under the instructions of Venutius against Roman invasion Venutius was a 1st-century king of the Brigantes in northern Britain at the time of the Roman conquest. Some have suggested he may have belonged to the Carvetii, a tribe that probably formed part of the Brigantes confederation.

1st century client ruler of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace under the Romans

Catualda (flourished in 1st century AD) was a Marcomannic exile who deposed the Marcomannic king Maroboduus in 18 AD.

Sapaean Roman client king of eastern Thrace from 12 to 19 AD

1st century AD Roman client king of the Bosporan Kingdom

Illyrian chief

king of the Bosporus from 93 to 123

Verica (early 1st century AD) was a British client king of the Roman Empire in the years preceding the Claudian invasion of 43 AD.

1st century Roman client king of the Bosporan Kingdom

king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace (ruled c.12-c.18 AD)

thumb|GermanenAD50-it.png Vannius (flourished in 1st century AD) was the king of the Germanic tribe Quadi.

Tincomarus (a dithematic name form typical of insular and continental Celtic onomastics, analysable as tinco-, perhaps a sort of fish [cf Latin tinca, English tench] + maro-, "big") was a king of the Iron Age Belgic tribe of the Atrebates who lived in southern central Britain shortly before the Roman invasion. His name was previously reconstructed as Tincommius, based on abbreviated coin legends and a damaged mention in Augustus's Res Gestae, but since 1996 coins have been discovered which give his full name.thumb|Stater of Tincomarus, king of the [[Atrebates.]]He was the son and heir of Commi

Roman client king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace (r. 18 AD-38 AD)

Gepaepyris (, flourished 1st century) was a Thracian princess, and a Roman Client Queen of the Bosporan Kingdom, the longest known surviving Roman Client Kingdom. She ruled in AD 37/38–39.

Eppillus (Celtic: "little horse") was the name of a Roman client king of the Atrebates tribe of the British Iron Age. He appears to have ruled part of the territory that had previously been held by Commius, the Gaulish former ally of Julius Caesar who fled to Britain following the uprising of Vercingetorix, or possibly of his son. Eppillus is not mentioned in any historical sources. Coins bearing his name also bear the inscription COMMI.FILI which is generally read as Commios filius indicating at least a claim to be Commius's son.

Germanic chieftain of the Cherusci

thumb|Brinno as leader of the Canninefates, raised on the shield by Barend Wijnveld (Anno 70). Brinno was leader of the Canninefates when they joined in the Batavian rebellion at the mouth of the Rhine in AD 70. According to Tacitus, his father had been hostile towards the Romans during the reign of Caligula. Therefore, Brinno was chosen to lead the Canninefates against Rome, and was ceremoniously raised on a shield. His first move as commander was to attack Roman winter camps by sea with the help of the Frisii, in which he was successful due to the unprepared enemy. One of the camps destroyed

son to Cotys VIII and Roman Client King of Lesser Armenia

Dubnovellaunus or Dumnovellaunus was the name of at least one, and possibly several kings of south-eastern Britain in the late 1st century BC/early 1st century AD, known from coin legends and from a mention in the Res Gestae Divi Augusti.

thumb|Coin of Epaticcus, Southern England, 20 BCE, with Roman stylistic influence. thumb|Coins of Epaticcus. Epaticcus or Epaticcu (d. c. AD 35) was a brother of Cunobelinus, king of the Catuvellauni, a tribe of Iron Age Britain.

Zorsines was a 1st-century King (rex Siracorum) of the Siraces mentioned in Tacitus' Annals of the Roman Empire (XII.15-19) around AD 50, a people he reports as residing somewhere between the Caucasus Mountains and the Don river.

Vellocatus was a first-century king of the Brigantes tribe of northern Britain.

Scorilo (died maybe 70) was a Dacian king who may have been the father of Decebalus. Evidence for his life and reign is fragmentary.

Antedios or Anted was an ancient king of the Iceni, a Brythonic tribe who inhabited the present day county of Norfolk in Britain from approximately the 1st century BCE until the 1st century CE.

Illyrian chieftain

Gannascus (Latin: Gannascus; died 47 AD) was a notable chieftain of the Canninefates. He is chiefly remembered for engaging in piracy on the coast of the Roman province of Gallia Belgica and for his defeat at the hands of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo.

1st-century co-monarch of the Odrysian kingdom

legendary king of the Britons