1st-millennium BC introductions

right|thumb|Various kites being flown

thumb|The classical Punjabi tragedy of Heer Ranjha, one of the four classic tragedies of [[Punjabi folklore; the tragedy's epic form by Waris Shah is regarded as one of the greatest pieces of Punjabi literature]]

Semitic alphabet used for writing Hebrew, Samaritan, Yiddish, Judaeo-Spanish, and other Jewish languages

thumb|Digital reconstruction of the 2nd century BC Basilica Sempronia, in the [[Forum Romanum]] thumb|19th century reconstruction of the 2nd century AD Basilica Ulpia, part of the [[Trajan's Forum, Rome]] thumb|Ruins of Yererouk basilica 4th–5th century AD thumb|Ruins of the late 5th century AD basilica at Mushabbak, Syria thumb|Reconstruction of the basilica at Fano from a description by its architect [[Vitruvius|alt=]]

device for spinning thread, yarn, or silk from natural or synthetic fibers

strategy in politics and sociology for stabilizing anti-democratic, illegitimate rule over people

series of eclipses separated by a saros period

ancient form of entertainment using flat articulated figures

thumb|275px|11th century Hebrew Bible with targum, perhaps from Tunisia, found in [[Iraq: part of the Schøyen Collection]] A targum (, interpretation, translation, version; plural: targumim) was an originally spoken translation of the Hebrew Bible (also called the ) that a professional translator ( mǝṯurgǝmān) would give in the common language of the listeners when that was not Biblical Hebrew. This had become necessary near the end of the first century BCE, as the common language was Aramaic, while Hebrew was used for little more than schooling and worship. The translator frequently expanded

ancient Roman title

any well-defined system of abstract thought based on the model of mathematics

thumb|upright=1.20|Polish Lancer (left) and Austrian Cuirassier (right) in a mêlée A lancer was a type of cavalryman who fought with a lance. Lances were used for mounted warfare in Assyria as early as and subsequently by India, Egypt, China, Persia, Greece, and Rome. The weapon was widely used throughout Eurasia during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance by heavy cavalry, but fell out of general use by the late 16th century, before its revival by light cavalry in the early 19th century. Lance cavalry remained in an active role into the early 20th century and World War I. In modern times, many

thumb|right|220px|Woman and a youth, Apulian red-figure pelike, , [[British Museum (F 316)]]

proverb found in Matthew 26:52