2nd millennium in Italy

medieval and early modern maritime republic from (1005-1797)

former Italian state (1569–1801; 1815–1859)

city-state on the Appenine Peninsula between 1115–1532/69

former Italian state (1545–1802; 1814–1859)

thumb|235px|The Palace of the in Florence, now the [[Bargello museum]] ' (), also potestate or podesta' in English, was the name given to the holder of the highest civil office in the government of the cities of central and northern Italy during the Late Middle Ages. Sometimes, it meant the chief magistrate of a city-state, the counterpart to similar positions in other cities that went by other names, e.g. ('rectors').

former Italian state (1213–1625)

Italian state (661–1137)

historical city-state in Italy

position

medieval kingdom in Sardinia