3rd-century BC rebels

Horwennefer ( "Horus-Onnophris"; ), also known as Hurganophor or Haronnophris, was an Egyptian who led Upper Egypt in secession from the rule of Ptolemy IV Philopator in 205 BC. Along with his successor, Ankhwennefer (also known as Chaonnophris or Ankhmakis), they held a large part of Egypt until 186 BC. No monuments are attested to this king, but a graffito dating to about 201 BC on a wall of the mortuary Temple of Seti I at Abydos, in which his name is written (), is an attestation to the extent of his influence and the ideology of his reign. He appears to have died before 197 BC.

Mathos (, ; , Máthōs; died BC) was a Libyan from the North African possessions of Carthage and was recruited into the Carthaginian Army during the First Punic War (264–241 BC) at some point prior to 241 BC. Mathos's date of birth is unknown, as are most details of his activities prior to his coming to prominence as a low-ranking officer in 241 BC.

3rd-century BC tyrant of the Greek city of Miletus