3rd-millennium BC deaths

Khafre or Chephren (died 2532 BC) was an ancient Egyptian monarch who was the fourth king of the Fourth Dynasty, during the earlier half of the Old Kingdom period ( 2700–2200 BC). He was son of the king Khufu, and succeeded his brother Djedefre to the throne.

Menkaure or Menkaura (; 2550 BC - 2503 BC) was a king of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. He is well known under his Hellenized names Mykerinos ( by Herodotus), in turn Latinized as Mycerinus, and Menkheres ( by Manetho). According to Manetho, he was the throne successor of king Bikheris, but according to archaeological evidence, he was almost certainly the successor of Khafre. Africanus (from Syncellus) reports as rulers of the fourth dynasty Sôris, Suphis I, Suphis II, Mencherês (=Menkaure), Ratoisês, Bicheris, Sebercherês, and Thamphthis in this order. Menkaure became fam

Nynetjer (also known as Ninetjer and Banetjer) was the third pharaoh of the Second Dynasty of Egypt during the Early Dynastic Period, prior to the Old Kingdom period. The dates for his reign are uncertain. Egyptologists have proposed that it took place at some point between the late 29th and the early 27th century BC for 35 to 49 years, and most probably lasted around 40 years. Archaeologically, Nynetjer is the best-attested king of the early Second Dynasty and he is also recorded on several king lists dating to the Old Kingdom and the later Ramesside and Ptolemaic periods. There is strong evi

Hotepsekhemwy is the Horus name of an early Egyptian king who was the founder of the Second Dynasty of Egypt. The exact length of his reign is not known; the Turin canon suggests an improbable 95 years while the ancient Egyptian historian Manetho reports that the reign of "Boëthôs" lasted for 38 years. Egyptologists consider both statements to be misinterpretations or exaggerations. They credit Hotepsekhemwy with either a 25- or a 29-year rule.

Enmerkar () was an ancient Sumerian ruler to whom the construction of the city of Uruk and a 420-year reign was attributed. According to literary sources, he led various campaigns against the land of Aratta.

Ptahhotep ( "Peace of Ptah"; ), sometimes referred to as Ptahhotep I or Ptahhotpe, was a vizier during the reign of Djedkare Isesi in Egypt’s Fifth Dynasty. He is best known as the author of The Maxims of Ptahhotep, one of the earliest works of Egyptian wisdom literature, intended to instruct young men in proper conduct and ethical behavior.

Egyptian pharaoh

Queen of Egypt during the 4th dynasty

Queen of Ancient Egypt during the 4th dynasty

Ur-Nanshe (, ; ) also Ur-Nina, was the first king of the First Dynasty of Lagash in the Sumerian Early Dynastic Period III. He is known through inscriptions to have commissioned many building projects, including canals and temples, in the state of Lagash, and defending Lagash from its rival state Umma. He was probably not from royal lineage, being the son of Gunidu () who was recorded without an accompanying royal title. He was the father of Akurgal, who succeeded him, and grandfather of Eannatum. Eannatum expanded the kingdom of Lagash by defeating Umma as illustrated in the Stele of the Vult

Enmebaragesi (Sumerian: Enmebárgisi [EN-ME-BARA2-GI4-SE]; ) originally Mebarasi () was the penultimate king of the first dynasty of Kish and is recorded as having reigned 900 years in the Sumerian King List. Like his son and successor Aga, he reigned during a period when Kish had hegemony over Sumer. Enmebaragesi signals a momentous documentary leap from mytho-history to history, since he is the earliest ruler on the king list whose name is attested directly from archaeology.

thumb | right Thamphthis ( c. 2500 BC) is the hellenized name of an ancient Egyptian ruler (pharaoh) of the 4th Dynasty in the Old Kingdom, who may have ruled under the name Djedefptah or Djedefkaf for between two and nine years. His original Egyptian name is lost, but it may have been Djedefptah ("he endures like Ptah") according to Egyptologists like William C. Hayes, or Djedefkaf ("his Ka is enduring") according to other Egyptologists. Thamphthis is one of the shadowy rulers of the Old Kingdom, since he is completely unattested in contemporary sources. For this reason, his historical figure

ancient Egyptian queen consort

Mesannepada (, [MES-AN-NE2-PAD3-DA]), Mesh-Ane-pada or Mes-Anne-pada ("Youngling chosen by An"; died ) was the first king listed for the First Dynasty of Ur on the Sumerian king list. He is listed to have ruled for 80 years, having overthrown Lugal-kitun of Uruk: "Then Unug (Uruk) was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)". In one of his seals, found in the Royal Cemetery at Ur, he is also described as king of Kish.

ancient Egyptian queen consort

thumb|right|Plan of tomb PG 800, drawn by archaeologist Katharine Woolley thumb|Reconstructed Sumerian headgear necklaces found in the tomb of Puabi on three of her attendants, housed at the British Museum Puabi (Akkadian: 𒅤𒀜 pu3-AD ), also called Shubad or Shudi-Ad due to a misinterpretation by Sir Charles Woolley, was an important queen in the Sumerian city of Ur, during the First Dynasty of Ur. Commonly labeled as a "queen", her status is somewhat in dispute, although several cylinder seals in her tomb, labeled grave PG 800 at the Royal Cemetery at Ur, identify her by the title "nin" or "

Egyptian queen consort

sovereign

Xia Dynasty king

Entemena, also called Enmetena (, ; ), was a son of Enannatum I who re-established Lagash as a power in Sumer. He defeated Il in a territorial conflict through an alliance with Lugal-kinishe-dudu of Uruk, successor to Enshakushanna, who is in the king list. The tutelary deity Shul-utula was his personal deity. His reign lasted at least 19 years.

Nefermaat I () was an ancient Egyptian prince, a son of king Sneferu. He was a vizier possessing the titles of the king's eldest son, royal seal bearer, and prophet of Bastet. His name means "Maat is beautiful" or "With perfect justice".

ancient Mesopotamian king

Djedefhor or Hordjedef (died 2530 BC) was a noble Egyptian of the 4th Dynasty. He was the son of King Khufu and his name means "Enduring Like Horus".

ancient Egyptian queen consort

Ur-Nungal (died 2620 BC) was the sixth Sumerian ruler in the First Dynasty of Uruk, according to the Sumerian King List, which also claims he ruled 30 years. Both the Sumerian King List and the Tummal Chronicle state he was the son of Gilgamesh, but only the Sumerian King List records he was the father of Udul-kalama.

thumb|Closeup of Kaaper's statue CG 34 Kaaper or Ka’aper, () also commonly known as Sheikh el-Beled, was an ancient Egyptian scribe and priest who lived between the late 4th Dynasty and the early 5th Dynasty. Despite his rank not being among the highest, he is well-known due to his famously fine wooden statue. thumb|Statue of Kaaper's wife CG 33

ancient Egyptian queen consort

thumb|upright=1.35|Golden helmet of Meskalamdug, at time of excavation

'''A'annepada''' (; ) was a king of the First Dynasty of Ur. He was a son of Mesannepada. It is thought that his tomb may be tomb PG 580 in the Royal Cemetery at Ur.

ancient Egyptian queen consort

thumb|upright|Lugal-Anne-Mundu appears in the Sumerian King List, as the first and only ruler of the Dynasty of Adab Lugal-Anne-Mundu (, , ) was the most important king of the city-state of Adab in Sumer. The Sumerian king list claims he reigned for 90 years, following the defeat of Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II, son of Nanni, of Ur. There are few authentic contemporary inscriptions for Lugal-Anne-Mundu's reign; he is known mainly from a much later text, purporting to be copied from one of his inscriptions.

thumb|Tomb of Bunefer

remains of an early Bronze Age man

early ancient Egyptian king

Khentetka or Khentetenka (fl. 26th century BCE) was a queen consort of Egypt; the wife of King Djedefre during the 4th Dynasty.

Mesilim (), also spelled Mesalim (), was lugal (king) of the Sumerian city-state of Kish.

Horbaef (also known as Baefhor and Horbaf; ) was an ancient Egyptian prince of the 4th Dynasty. His title was "King’s son".

Udul-kalama (died 2605 BC) was the seventh Sumerian ruler in the First Dynasty of Uruk, according to the Sumerian King List. He may have been a son of Ur-Nungal and grandson of Gilgamesh. However, unlike his predecessors, he left no other known documents or relics mentioning his name, and he may have been one of several minor kings of Uruk added to the list, who reigned when hegemony was actually held by the first dynasty of Ur.

Tashlultum () was a wife of King Sargon of Akkad. Her name is known to archaeology only from a single shard of an alabaster vase or bowl with an inscription indicating it was dedicated to the temple by her steward/scribe. This dedication provides insight into the position and features of Akkadian queenship: it is notable that Tashlultum had staff which included men, and these men were learned officials.

Behenu () was an ancient Egyptian queen of the Sixth Dynasty. She is thought to have been the wife of either Pepi I or of Pepi II.

Kagemni () was a vizier from the early part of the reign of King Teti of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Kagemni's wife Seshseshet Nubkhetnebty was a King's daughter and the daughter of Teti.

ancient Egyptian queen consort

Inenek, also called Inti (), was an ancient Egyptian queen consort, a wife of King Pepi I of the 6th Dynasty. == Titles == Inti's titles were: Hereditary Princess (iryt-p`t), Foremost of the Elite (ḥ`tit-p`t), ''King's Wife (hmt-niswt), King's Wife, his beloved (ḥmt-niswt mryt.f), Daughter of Merehu (z3t-Mrḥw), and Daughter of Geb (z3t-Gb'').

Nedjeftet () is a queen mentioned on reliefs discovered near the pyramid complex of Pepi I (close to the pyramid complex of Queen Inenek-Inti). She may have been a wife of Pepi. Her name was also that of the 20th nome, later known as the Herakleopolis nome, in Upper Egypt; it is possible her family came from there and the marriage was to strengthen a king's position as opposed to the local lords.

ancient Egyptian queen consort

Egyptian queen consort

'''La-ba'shum' (died 2596 BC) was the eighth Sumerian ruler in the First Dynasty of Uruk, according to the Sumerian King List''. He was described as ruling for nine years.

Rekhetre () was an ancient Egyptian queen from the late 4th Dynasty or early 5th Dynasty. She was a daughter of King Khafre. Her husband is never mentioned, but Rekhetre would have been the wife of one of Khafre's successors, possibly Menkaure.

Sulili (; ) was according to the Assyrian King List (AKL) the 27th Assyrian monarch, ruling in Assyria's early period. He also appears within the Assyrian King List as the first out of the six kings “(whose names were written on?) bricks but whose eponyms are (not known?)". Additionally, it is stated within the Assyrian King List that he was the successor of and “son of Aminu". Aminu had himself been the son of and successor of Ila-kabkabu, and Aminu and Ila-kabkabu were among the 10 kings “who are ancestors".

Reptynub (; also written as Repytnub and Reputnebu) was a queen during the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the wife of King Nyuserre Ini. She was possibly a mother of Menkauhor Kaiu (if he was Nyuserre’s son).

thumb|300px|Vase inscription of Lugal-kigine-dudu (, lugal-ki-gin-ne2-du₇-du₇), reconstruction of the text, and some fragments Lugal-kinishe-dudu (, lugal-ki-ni-še₃-du₇-du₇) also Lugal-kiginne-dudu (, lugal-ki-gin-ne2-du₇-du₇; ), was a King and (ensi) of Uruk and Ur who lived towards the end of the 25th century BC. The Sumerian King List mentions Lugal-kinishe-dudu as the second king of the dynasty after En-shakansha-ana, attributing to him a fanciful reign of 120 years.

ancient Egyptian prince and vizier

Meretnebty () was a queen consort of Egypt as a wife of king Sahure. She lived during the 5th Dynasty and was named after Two Ladies, a pair of Egyptian goddesses who protected the king.

governor of Lagash

Ptahshepses () was the vizier and son-in-law of king Nyuserre Ini during the Fifth Dynasty. As such he was one of the most distinguished members of the royal court. Ptahshepses' mastaba complex in Abusir is considered by many to be the most extensive and architecturally unique non-royal tomb of the Old Kingdom.

Elulu (, ; ) is listed as the third king of the First Dynasty of Ur on the Sumerian king list, which states he reigned for 25 years.

ancient Egyptian princess

Enentarzi (, en-en₃-tar-zid, also , en-e-tar-zi; died 2384 BC) was Ensi (governor) of Lagash. He was originally a chief-priest of Lagash for the god Ningirsu.

En-nun-tarah-ana (died 2588 BC) was the ninth Sumerian ruler in the First Dynasty of Uruk. According to the Sumerian King List, he reigned for 8 years.

Duaenre () was a vizier under Menkaure during the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt. His titles include those of ''king's son of his body (za-nesut-khetef, zꜣ-nswt-ẖt.f), hereditary prince (iri-pat, jrj-pꜥt), count (hati-a, ḥꜣtj-ꜥ), vizier (tAjtj), scribe of the divine book (sesh-medjat-netjer, sš-mḏꜣt-nṯr), mouth of Nekhen (er-nekhen, r-nḫn), and mouth of every Butite (er-pe-neb, r-p-nb'').