Agronomy

thumb|Modern agriculture: a center pivot irrigation system on a field

thumb|upright=1.5|Schematic of photosynthesis in plants. The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant. upright=1.5|thumb|right|Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis, including both oceanic phytoplankton and terrestrial [[vegetation. Dark red and blue-green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land, respectively.]]

thumb|Irrigation of agricultural fields in Andalusia, Spain. Irrigation canal on the left.

thumb|right|An actively eroding rill on an intensively-farmed field in eastern [[Germany. This phenomenon is aggravated by poor agricultural practices because when ploughing, the furrows were traced in the direction of the slope rather than that of the terrain contour lines.]] Erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust and then transports it to another location where it is deposited. Erosion is distinct from weathering which involves no movement. Removal of rock or soil as clastic

Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants, animals and soils by agriculture for food, fuel, fiber, chemicals, recreation, or land conservation. Agronomy has come to include research of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, and soil science. It is the application of a combination of sciences such as biology, chemistry, economics, ecology, earth science, and genetics. Professionals in the field are known as agronomists.

thumb|A horticulture student tending to plants in a Market garden|garden in [[Lawrenceville, Georgia, March 2015]] thumb|The Rock Garden, Leonardslee Gardens Horticulture (from ) is the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants. Horticulture is different from general agriculture, agronomy, and gardening in that it involves specialization and controlled cultivation and management of plants and their ecosystems. It can be distinguished by its subfields and or unique botanical expressions. There are various divisions of horticulture because plants are grown for

thumb|right|upright|Cherry tree, consolidated "V" graft thumb|right|upright|Tape has been used to bind the rootstock and scion at the graft, and tar to protect the scion from desiccation. thumb|right|upright|A grafted tree showing two differently coloured blossoms

scientific study of plant diseases

practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons

thumb|Simon Bening, Labors of the Months: September, from a Flemish [[Book of hours (Bruges)]] thumb|Men sowing seed by hand in the 1940s thumb|Manual sowing machine Sowing is the process of planting seeds. An area that has had seeds planted in it will be described as a sowed or sown area.

the art and science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics

thumb|A small scale terrain depression which creates a frost hollow, due to localized atmospheric conditions. A microclimate (or micro-climate) refers to localized atmospheric conditions in the near-surface layer, which includes the air immediately above a surface as well as the shallow soil and water environments below it. A microclimate can range in size from a few meters to at most a few kilometers across. It is characterized by a set of persistent, measurable differences in the climate conditions from those in the adjacent surrounding areas. These differences may be subtle or pronounced wh

Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, flower development, and leaf and fruit senescence. They are one of the longest-known classes of plant hormone. It is thought that the selective breeding (albeit unconscious) of crop strains that were deficient in GA synthesis was one of the key drivers of the "green revolution" in the 1960s, a revolution that is credited to have saved over a billion lives all over the world.

Agroecology is an academic discipline that studies ecological processes applied to agricultural production systems. Bringing ecological principles to bear can suggest new management approaches in agroecosystems. The term can refer to a science, a movement, or an agricultural practice. Agroecologists study a variety of agroecosystems. The field of agroecology is not associated with any one particular method of farming, whether it be organic, regenerative, integrated, or industrial, intensive or extensive, although some use the name specifically for alternative agriculture.

thumb|Illustration of the 'Willermoz' pear by Alexandre Bivort from Album de Pomologie (1848–1852) Pomology (from Latin , "fruit", + , "study") is a branch of botany that studies fruits and their cultivation. Someone who researches and practices the science of pomology is called a pomologist.

branch of engineering

agricultural method which does not disturb soil through tillage

Agrophysics is a branch of science bordering on agronomy and physics, whose objects of study are the agroecosystem - the biological objects, biotope and biocoenosis affected by human activity, studied and described using the methods of physical sciences. Using the achievements of the exact sciences to solve major problems in agriculture, agrophysics involves the study of materials and processes occurring in the production and processing of agricultural crops, with particular emphasis on the condition of the environment and the quality of farming materials and food production.

statement that growth is dictated by the scarcest resource

total yield, or yield per unit area of land

approach for economic control of pests

thumb|upright=1.2|Coconut and Mexican marigold, a multilayer cropping in India

efforts to stop or reduce the growth of weeds

first-generation hybrid (or crossbreed) animal or plant

growing of vegetables for human consumption

The Geoponica or Geoponika () is a twenty-book collection of agricultural lore, compiled during the 10th century in Constantinople for the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. The Greek word Geoponica signifies "agricultural pursuits" in its widest sense. It is the only surviving Byzantine agricultural work.

thumb|"Komsomol to the Virgin Lands", 1958 stamp Tselina or virgin lands (; ) is an umbrella term for underdeveloped, scarcely populated, high-fertility lands often covered with the chernozem soil. The lands were mostly located in the steppes of the Volga region, Northern Kazakhstan and Southern Siberia.

thumb|upright|Spherical porous cup atmometer An atmometer or evaporimeter is a scientific instrument used for measuring the rate of water evaporation from a wet surface to the atmosphere. Atmometers are mainly used by farmers and growers to measure evapotranspiration (ET) rates of crops at any field location. Evapotranspiration is a measure of all of the water that evaporates from land surfaces plus the water that transpires from plant surfaces. Based on the amount of water that does evaporate and transpire, the user can water crops correspondingly, which results in less water use and possibly

thumb|right|A rose plant that began as cells grown in a tissue culture

Yangambi is a town in Isangi territory of Tshopo province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

academic research institution

process in growing new plants from a variety of sources

dimensionless quantity that characterizes plant canopies

all processes and infrastructure involved in feeding a population

Agrobiology is defined by Merriam-Webster as a field that studies how plant or crop nutrition, growth, and yield or production relate to soil management (Merriam-Webster). Agrobiology is an interdisciplinary field of study that provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationships between crops, soils, and the environment. Agrobiology consists of several science-based disciplines including, plant biology and nutrition, agronomy, ecology, genetics, molecular biology, and soil science. Prominent topics that involve agrobiology practices include the following but are not limited to,

Agricultural cropping system

botanist

former French national institute

A bioeffector is a viable microorganism or active natural compound which directly or indirectly affects plant performance (biofertilizer), and thus has the potential to reduce fertilizer and pesticide use in crop production.

Shapes of fruit tree

area at each end of a planted field

Land use and runoff management technique

fine-grained, silt-sized particles of rock

insect pest management technique

measure of the condition of soil relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose

Type of netting in horticulture

form of irrigation

ancient reservoir in Sri Lanka

object or method for deterring animals

cutting of selected parts of a fruit tree

research facility dedicated to agricultural experiments

Strip-till is a conservation system that uses a minimum tillage. It combines the soil drying and warming benefits of conventional tillage with the soil-protecting advantages of no-till by disturbing only the portion of the soil that is to contain the seed row. This type of tillage is performed with special equipment and can require the farmer to make multiple trips, depending on the strip-till implement used, and field conditions. Each row that has been strip-tilled is usually about eight to ten inches wide.

variance in genetic and phenotypic characteristics of plants used in agriculture

alt=Seed potatoes in a cardboard tray with sprouts growing from them.|thumb|Chitted seed potatoes Chitting is a method of preparing potatoes or other tubers for planting. The seed potatoes are placed in a tray (often in egg cartons) in a light and cool place but shielded from direct sunlight. All but three or four of the "eyes" (sprouting parts) of the potato are removed, leaving the strongest growths only. After the sprouts are about long, the seed potatoes are planted in the ground.

watering strategy

invasive plant with positive effects

branch of soil science

Delbard is a plant nursery in France known for breeding disease resistant apple and various roses.

farm designed to research and demonstrate improvements in agricultural techniques, efficiency, and building layout