Ancient Christian controversies

thumb|A compact diagram of the Trinity, known as the "Shield of the Trinity", consisting of [[God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and God the Holy Spirit (the Shield is generally not intended to be a schematic diagram of the structure of God, but it presents a series of statements about the relationship between the persons of the Trinity)]]

early statement of Christian belief

thumb|right|Paolo Veronese, The Resurrection of Jesus Christ ()

thumb|An icon of the Our Lady of Kazan|Theotokos of Kazan. Theotokos () is a title of Mary, mother of Jesus, used especially in Eastern Christianity. The usual Latin translations are or (approximately "parent [] of God"). Common English translations are "Mother of God" or "God-bearer" – but these both have different literal equivalents in , and respectively.

first Christian synod (c. 48–50 AD)

universal moral laws incumbent upon humanity in the Jewish tradition

members of the Jewish movement that later became Christianity

shared existence of spiritual or corporal entities

Early Christian center of biblical study

Semi-Pelagianism (or semipelagianism) is a historical Christian theological and soteriological school of thought about the role of free will in salvation. In semi-Pelagian thought, a distinction is made between the beginning of faith and the increase of faith. Semi-Pelagian thought teaches that the latter half – growing in faith – is the work of God, while the beginning of faith is an act of free will, with grace supervening only later.

Antilegomena (from Greek ) are written texts whose authenticity or value is disputed. Eusebius in his Church History (c. 325) used the term for those Christian scriptures that were "disputed", literally "spoken against", in Early Christianity before the closure of the New Testament canon.

schism (484–519) between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople

early Christian story, known in two extant versions

Quartodecimanism (from the Vulgate Latin quarta decima in Leviticus 23:5, meaning fourteenth) is the name given to the practice of commemorating the death of Christ on the day of Passover, the 14th of Nisan according to biblical dating, on whatever day of the week it occurs. The Quartodeciman controversy in the Church was the question of whether to celebrate Easter on Sunday (the first day of the week), or at the time of sacrifice of the Passover lamb.

religious policies, beliefs, and effects of Constantine I

synod condemning Semi-Pelagianism

thumb|right|250px|Sardis Synagogue (3rd century, [[Turkey) had a large community of God-fearers and Jews integrated into the Roman civic life.]]

The Antidicomarians or Antidicomarianites, also called Dimoerites, were a Christian sect active from the 3rd to the 5th century. Their name was invented by an opponent, Epiphanius of Salamis, who described them as heretical in his Panarion. The existence of the Antidicomarians as an organized sect may be doubted, as it is attested only in Epiphanius, but the doctrines he attributes to them were certainly matters of live debate in the late 4th century, and were condemned as heresy by prominent Christians such as St. Augustine of Hippo, and St. Ambrose of Milan.

aspect of history

councils convened between 264 and 269

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thumb|"Mary, Mother of Christ" from Visoki Dečani Monastery, Serbia

series of homilies by John Chrysostom, criticizing Christian Judaizers and Jews

dispute between Paul and Peter said to haven taken place during the Apostolic Age

thumb|right|Sculpture of Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine I in York, England. Traditor, plural: traditores (Latin), is a term meaning "the one(s) who had handed over" and defined by Merriam-Webster as "one of the Christians giving up to the officers of the law the Scriptures, the sacred vessels, or the names of their brethren during the Roman persecutions". The word traditor comes from the Latin transditio from trans (across) + dare (to hand, to give), and is the source of the modern English words traitor and treason. The same root word, with a different context of what is handed to whom, g

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Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity

Christianity and paganism

English translations of pseudepigrapha and apocryphon