Ancient Greece

Greek civilization from 1200 BC to 600 AD

forms of Greek used from around the 9th century BCE to the 6th century CE

thumb|A bust of Zeno of Citium, considered the founder of Stoicism

Bucephalus (; ; – June 326 BC) or Bucephalas, was the horse of Alexander the Great, and one of the most famous horses of classical antiquity. According to the Alexander Romance (1.15), the name "Bucephalus" literally means "ox-headed" (from and ), and supposedly comes from a brand (or scar) on the thigh of the horse that looked like an ox's head.

period of ancient Greek history

Pella () was the capital of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from the 4th century BC up until the Roman conquest in 168 BC. It is located 1 km outside the modern town of Pella in Central Macedonia, Greece.

military alliance in Ancient Greece

In ancient Greece, the term oecumene (UK) or ecumene (US; ) denoted the known, inhabited, or habitable world. In Greek antiquity, it referred to the portions of the world known to Hellenic geographers, subdivided into three continents: Africa, Europe, and Asia. Under the Roman Empire, it came to refer to civilization itself, as well as the secular and religious imperial administration.

sewn garment worn by men and women in Ancient Greece

ancient Greek artifact made of clay

tall mountain and mountain range northeast of Athens, Greece

thumb|Locations of perioecic cities within Spartan territory.

historical ethnic group

150px|thumb|Hermes wearing a chlamys. Painting attributed to the [[Tithonos Painter, .]]

The Leleges (; ) were an aboriginal people of the Aegean region, before the Greeks arrived. They were distinct from another pre-Hellenic people of the region, the Pelasgians. The exact areas to which they were native are uncertain, since they were apparently pre-literate and the only references to them are in ancient Greek sources. These references are casual and (it is alleged) sometimes fictitious. Likewise, little is known about the language of the Leleges.

Sesklo (; ) is a village in Greece that is located near Volos, a city located within the municipality of Aisonia. The municipality is located within the regional unit of Magnesia that is located within the administrative region of Thessaly. During the prehistory of Southeastern Europe, Sesklo was a significant settlement of Neolithic Greece, before the advent of the Bronze Age and millennia before the Mycenaean period.

In governance, sortition is the selection of public officials or jurors at random, i.e., by lottery, in order to obtain a representative sample.

golden Age of Athens, 480–404 BCE

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thumb|right|Minoan gold votive double axe or labrys, less than 4 inches tall. On the left blade is an inscription in undeciphered Linear A; possibly an invocation to the goddess Demeter.|257x257px

historical and geographical region in Central Greece

A Spartiate (, Spartiátēs) or Homoios (pl. Homoioi, , "alike") was an elite full-citizen man of the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta. They served as one of the city-state's ruling bodies, as well as heavy infantry in times of war. Known for their militaristic indoctrination since childhood, the Spartiate became renowned for their prowess in battle. However, their population decreased over time due to strict qualification, which affected the city-state in the years to come.

hellenized Thracian dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of the Bosporus

thumb|A kleroterion in the Ancient Agora Museum (Athens) thumb|A large kleroterion at the Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology in [[Reading, Berkshire]] A kleroterion () was a randomization device used by the Athenian polis during the period of democracy to select citizens to the boule, to most state offices, to the nomothetai, and to court juries.

thumb|right|150px|Picture of a classical Greek athlete wearing the kynodesme (attributed to the Triptolemos painter, dating from about 480 BC)

The chorobates, described by Vitruvius in Book VIII of the De architectura, was used to measure horizontal planes and was especially important in the construction of aqueducts (mainly during Roman Times).

thumb|Contorniate of Sallust A contorniate, or contourniate (UK pronunciation: ), is a type of ancient Roman medal or medallion of bronze issued in the fourth and fifth centuries CE, having a deep furrow on the contour or edge, as if the object had been turned in a lathe. The extant contorniates show portraits of various earlier emperors (especially Nero and Trajan) or of cultural figures such as Homer, Solon, Euclid, Pythagoras, Socrates, Sallust, Apollonius Tyaneus, and Apuleius, as well as athletes, whose victories are symbolized by palm leaves and chariots, either bigae or quadrigae. The

thumb|Erastes (lover) and eromenos (beloved) kissing. Tondo of an Classical Athens|Attic red-figured cup, ca. 480 BCE. Louvre Museum In ancient Greece, an eromenos was the younger and passive (or 'receptive') partner in a male homosexual relationship. The older and active partner of an eromenos was the erastes. The eromenos was often depicted as beautiful, beardless and more youthful-looking than the erastes.

thumb|The Delian League before the outbreak of the [[Peloponnesian War in 431 BC.]] Pentecontaetia (, "the period of fifty years") is the term used to refer to the period in Ancient Greek history between the defeat of the second Persian invasion of Greece at Plataea in 479 BC and the beginning of the Peloponnesian War in 431 BC. The term originated with a scholiast commenting on Thucydides, who used it in their description of the period. The Pentecontaetia was marked by the rise of Athens as the dominant state in the Greek world and by the rise of Athenian democracy, a period also known as Gol

ancient city of Drangiana

thumb|Illustration by Peter Newell for the poem "The Sycophantic Fox and the Gullible Raven" in [[Fables for the Frivolous, by Guy Wetmore Carryl; in French, the fox says "I admire your beautiful plumage" to the raven]] In modern English, sycophant denotes an insincere flatterer and refers to someone practising sycophancy (i.e., insincere flattery to gain an advantage).

Textual conventions for representing characters in manuscripts and inscriptions

200px|right|thumb|Train in the gorge

Hemerodromoi () or hemeroskopoi () or dromokerykes () were specialized couriers in ancient Greece renowned for their exceptional endurance.

type of construction of the Roman Empire

male given name

thumb|right|Approximate location of the Sapaioi|307x307px Sapaeans, Sapaei or Sapaioi (Ancient Greek, "Σαπαῖοι") were a Thracian tribe close to the Greek city of Abdera. One of their kings was named Abrupolis and had allied himself with the Romans. They ruled Thrace after the Odrysians until its incorporation by the Roman Empire as a province.