Ancient Greek titles

thumb|King Jie of Xia holding a Ji polearm and sitting on two ladies. thumb|Killing No Murder, cover page, 18th century reprint of 17th century English pamphlet written to inspire and Tyrannicide|make righteous the act of assassinating Oliver Cromwell

thumb|upright=0.8|right|A Greek hoplite Hoplites ( ; ) were citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields. Hoplite soldiers used the phalanx formation to be effective in war with fewer soldiers. The formation discouraged the soldiers from acting alone, for this would compromise the formation and minimise its strengths. The hoplites were primarily represented by free citizens – propertied farmers and artisans – who were able to afford a linen or bronze armour suit and weapons (estimated at a third to a half of its able-bodied adult ma

title given by classical Greek tradition to seven philosophers, statesmen, and law-givers of the 6th century BC who were renowned for their wisdom

400px|thumb|The Diadochi fought over and carved up History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)#Empire|Alexander's empire into several kingdoms after his death, a legacy which continued the influence of ancient Greek culture abroad for over 300 more years. This map depicts the kingdoms of the Diadochi , after the [[Battle of Ipsus. The five kingdoms of the Diadochi were:

thumb|260x260px|Fragmentary inscription bearing the names of six city archons (politarchs), 2nd century BC, Archaeological Museum of Pella Archon (, plural: , árchontes) is a Greek word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office. It is the masculine present participle of the verb stem , meaning "to be first, to rule" (see also "beginning, origin"), derived from the same root as words such as monarch and hierarchy.

The sibyls were prophetesses or oracles in Ancient Greece.

thumb|Bust of Pericles, statesman and general during the Golden Age of Athens; [[Hadrianic Roman copy of a Greek sculpture of BC]] Strategos (), also known by its Latinised form strategus, is a Greek term meaning 'military general'. In the Hellenistic world and in the Byzantine Empire, the term also described a military governor. In the modern Hellenic Army, it is the highest officer rank.

Basileus () is a Greek term and title that has signified various types of monarchs throughout history. In the English-speaking world, it is perhaps most widely understood to mean , referring to either a or an . The title was used by sovereigns and other persons of authority in ancient Greece (especially during the Hellenistic period), the Byzantine emperors, and the kings of modern Greece. The name Basileios (Basil), deriving from the term basileus, is a common given name in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Syriac Orthodox Church for the Maphrian.

The ephors were a board of five magistrates in ancient Sparta. They had an extensive range of judicial, religious, legislative, and military powers, and could shape Sparta's home and foreign affairs.

ancient Greek city council

The Gerousia (Γερουσία), (also called the Spartan Senate) was the council of elders in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta. It was a prestigious body, holding important judicial, legislative, and supervisory powers. During the Archaic and Classical periods, the Gerousia consisted of the two Spartan kings, plus twenty-eight adult male citizens (Spartiates) called gerontes (γέροντες, singular: γέροντ, geront). The gerontes were required to be at least sixty years old, were elected by acclamation, and held office for life. Following the Classical period, its membership, minimum age, and tenure

thumb|Drawing of a nomarch based on Middle Kingdom tomb paintingsA nomarch (, Great Chief) was a provincial governor in ancient Egypt; the country was divided into 42 provinces, called nomes (singular , plural ). A nomarch was the government official responsible for a nome. More recent studies are more cautious about using this term as it is a Greek word that does not exactly match Ancient Egyptian administrative titles and modern scholars often prefer other, more neutral words for describing the heads of the provinces, such as governor.

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thumb|upright=1.37|Coin of Balacrus, somatophylax of Alexander the Great, as [[satrap of Cilicia, with letter "B" next to the shield, standing for B[AΛAKPOI]. Tarsos. 333–323 BC.]]

thumb|Academy mosaic from Pompeii

thumb|Datis fighting the polemarch of Athens Kallimachos at the [[Battle of Marathon, in the Stoa Poikile (reconstitution).]] A polemarch (, from , polémarchos) was a senior military title in various ancient Greek city states (poleis). The title is derived from the words polemos ('war') and archon ('ruler, leader') and translates as 'warleader' or 'warlord'. The name indicates that the polemarch's original function was to command the army; presumably the office was created to take over this function from the king. The title held a high position in Athenian society, alongside the archon eponymo

thumb|Site plan of the Ancient Agora of Athens where the prytaneis would preside over meetings (ca. 300 BC). The prytaneis (πρυτάνεις; sing.: πρύτανις prytanis) were the executives of the boule of Ancient Athens. They served in a prytaneion.

thumb|Ivory plaque with Emperor Constantine VII being crowned by [[Christ. The legend reads: "Constantine, in God [faithful], and of the Romans.]] Autokrator or Autocrator (, from + ) is a Greek epithet applied to an individual who is unrestrained by superiors. It has been applied to military commanders-in-chief as well as Roman and Byzantine emperors as the translation of the Latin title . Its connection with Byzantine and Russian-style absolutism gave rise to the modern terms autocracy and autocrat.

Boeotarch (, Boiotarches) was the title of the chief officers of the Boeotian Confederacy, founded in 379 BC after a rebellion freed the cities of Boeotia from Spartan dominance. There were seven Boeotarchs, democratically elected from seven electoral districts throughout Boeotia. As the largest city of the region, Thebes generally elected four of the Boeotarchs, while the other three represented outlying districts. The number of Boeotarchs, however, may not have remained constant at seven. They may have not even represented districts in the same way as the earlier Boeotian League.

right|thumb|300px|A Laconian black-figured cup by [[Rider Painter featuring a member of the hippeus.]] Hippeis (, singular ἱππεύς, hippeus) is a Greek term for cavalry. In ancient Athenian society, after the political reforms of Solon, the hippeus was the second highest of the four social classes. It was composed of men who had at least 300 medimnoi or their equivalent as yearly income. According to the Timocratic Constitution, the average citizen had a yearly income of less than 200 medimnoi. This gave the men who made 300 medimnoi the ability to purchase and maintain a war horse during their

thumb|Inscription in honor of Abdashtart I|Straton, King of Sidon, giving him the title of proxenos: "Also Straton the king of Sidon shall be proxenos of the People of Athens, both himself and his descendants". [[Acropolis of Athens. This indicates that relations of proxeny existed not only among Greek cities but also with non-Greeks (Phoenicians in this case).]] thumb|Bronze plaque with inscription appointing an Athenian citizen to Proxenos, from Palaeopolis in ancient Corcyra, Greece, 4th Century BC, British Museum Proxeny or ' () in ancient Greece was an arrangement whereby a citizen (chose

thumb|upright=1.5|Votive relief depicting the hierophant of the Eleusinian Mysteries addressing [[Demeter and Persephone, 2nd century AD, Ancient Agora of Athens Museum Greece.]]

right|thumb|220px|Medieval plate depicting Akritai, the frontiersmen or border guards of the Byzantine Empire, about which Acritic songs|epic songs were written.

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thumb|Archaic inscription (, "to the king") on ceramic fragment, here shown upside down; a warrior bearing a spear and mounted on a horse is also depicted. ' (Greek: ; from earlier , ) is an ancient Greek word for "tribal chief, lord (military) leader". It is one of the two Greek titles traditionally translated as "king", the other being basileus, and is inherited from Mycenaean Greece. It is notably used in Homeric Greek, e.g. for Agamemnon. The feminine form is anassa''', "queen" (, from wánassa, itself from *wánakt-ja'').

An agoranomos (, plural: agoranomoi, ἀγορανόμοι) was an elected official in the cities of Ancient Greece and Byzantine Empire, responsible for order in the marketplace (agora, hence the name, translated as "market overseer"). A polis could have several of them. The position was similar to the Roman aedile.

Soter derives from the Ancient Greek epithet (Sōtḗr), meaning a saviour, a deliverer. The feminine form is Soteira (Σώτειρα, Sṓteira) or sometimes Soteria (Σωτηρία, Sōtería).

The Hellanodikai (, literally meaning Judges of the Greeks; sing. Ἑλλανοδίκας ) were the judges of the Ancient Olympic Games, and the success of the games was attributed to their efforts. It was their sacred duty to maintain the standards and legacy of the games, as well as uphold the rules.

An '''''' (; plural ) in ancient Greece was any sort of superintendent or overseer. In the Hellenistic kingdoms generally, an is always connected with a subject district (a regional assembly), where the , as resident representative of the king, exercised control and collected taxes.

Oikonomos (, from - 'house' and - 'rule, law'), Latinized œconomus, oeconomus, or economos, was an Ancient Greek word meaning "household manager." In Byzantine times, the term was used as a title of a manager or treasurer of an organization.

Kyrios or kurios () is a Greek word that is usually translated as "lord" or "master". It is used in the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible (Christian Old Testament) about 7,000 times, in particular translating the name YHWH (the Tetragrammaton), and it appears in the Koine Greek New Testament about 740 times, usually referring to Jesus.

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Aesymnetes (Greek: , from , aisa, a "just portion", hence "a person who gives everyone their just portion") was the name of an ancient Greek elected office similar to, and sometimes indistinguishable from, tyrant. The plural is aesymnetai.

Toparchēs (, "place-ruler"), anglicized as toparch, is a Greek term for a governor or ruler of a district and was later applied to the territory where the toparch exercised his authority. In Byzantine times, the term came to be applied to independent or semi-independent rulers in the periphery of the Byzantine world.

In ancient Greece, an agonothetes (, plural ''''''''; ἀγωνοθέται) were the persons who decided the disputes and awarded the prizes in the Panhellenic Games. Alternative names for the same role included athlothĕtae'' (ἀθλοθέται), particularly in Athens.

Thessalian chief magistrate in antiquity

The Sciritae or Skiritai or Skioreitai or Skioritai (Greek: ) were a people subject to Sparta, whose status is comparable to that of the Perioeci. Deriving their name from the town of Skiritis, a mountainous region located in northern Laconia on the border with Arcadia, between the Oenus and the Eurotas rivers.

Gymnasiarch (, from , gymnasiarchos), which derives from Greek γυμνάσιον (gymnasion, gymnasium) + ἄρχειν, archein, to lead, was the name of an official of ancient Greece whose rank and duties varied widely in different places and at different times.

'''' (, ), meaning "the Benefactor" (from , "good", + , "doer, worker"), was an epithet, an honoring title, given to various benefactors. Euergetism (literally "doing good deeds") was the practice of high-status and wealthy individuals distributing part of their wealth to the community. For example, Archelaus I of Macedon supplied wood to Athens, taking the titles of proxenos and euergetes'' in 407/6 BC. Diogenes Euergetes a Macedonian commander who was named euergetes by the Athenians. Antigonus III Doson, king of Macedon from 229-221 BC, was called Euergetes.

thumb|180px|upright|This Archaic image known as the Lady of Auxerre may be a version of the Minoan goddess, probably Kore or [[Despoina (c. 640–630 BCE, Louvre).]]

thumb | right | Picture of Greek ship Trierarch () was the title of officers who commanded a trireme (triēres) in the classical Greek world.

The theoroi ( or ) in ancient Greece were sacred ambassadors, messengers sent out by the state which was about to organize a Panhellenic game or festival. Theoroi were both received and hosted by the theorodokoi. In the classical Greek world, theoroi meant something like "observers" and they were envoys sent by city-states to consult oracles, to give offerings at famous shrines or attend festivals.

alt=See caption|thumb|Leonidas at Thermopylae, 1814 painting by [[Jacques-Louis David]] Laconophilia is love or admiration of Sparta and of the Spartan culture or constitution. The term derives from Laconia, the part of the Peloponnesus where the Spartans lived.

Philopator (), meaning "father-loving", was a common royal epithet among Hellenistic monarchs:

The ekdromoi were an ancient Greek light hoplites. The name means 'out-runners', and denotes their ability to exit the phalanx and fight in an irregular order, as the situation might demand. The ekdromoi were mostly lightly armoured (with aspis and bronze helmet) fast infantry and were armed with spear and short sword. The term would actually describe any hoplite who practiced the tactic of ekdrome, that is the irregular exit from the battle line.

social class in ancient Attica

In ancient Greece, a proboulos (Ancient Greek: πρόβουλος, próboulos) was a magistrate on a preliminary deliberative body.

Several Hellenistic rulers used or adopted the name or epithet Eupator () - the Greek word Ευ·πατωρ literally means "of well (= noble) father".

Aeinautae (, , from and ) were magistrates at Miletus around 600 BC, consisting of the chief men in the state, who obtained the supreme power on the deposition of the tyrants, Thoas and Damasenor. Whenever they wished to deliberate on important matters, they embarked on board ship (hence their name), put out at a distance from land, and did not return to shore until they had transacted their business.

Epistrategos (; ) was a senior military and administrative office in Ptolemaic Egypt, which was retained during the subsequent Roman period as well. Each epistrategos were responsible for an epistrategy ().

The theorodokoi (Greek: , ) in ancient Greece were sacred envoy-receivers whose duty was to host and assist the theoroi (θεωροί, "viewers") before the Panhellenic games and festivals.

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