Ancient Rome

country that began growing on the Italian Peninsula from the 8th century BC

thumb|A bust of Zeno of Citium, considered the founder of Stoicism

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timeline of Rome from its founding in 753 BC to the fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD

thumb|upright=1.1|Area settled by the Alemanni, and sites of Roman-Alemannic battles, 3rd to 6th centuries Vadomarius () was an Alemannic king and Roman general, who shared power with his brother Gundomadus. After instigating an indecisive campaign in Gaul against the Romans, Vadomarius and his brother signed a treaty with the Roman emperor Constantius II in AD 356. Encouraged by Constantius II, Vadomarius employed his Alemanni forces in an attack against Julian (Constantius' Caesar who had revolted against his rule). Vadomarius then concluded a treaty with Julian, after which, he unsuccessful

Romanitas is the collection of political and cultural concepts and practices by which the Romans defined themselves. It is a Latin word, first coined in the third century AD, meaning "Roman-ness" and has been used by modern historians as shorthand to refer to Roman identity and self-image.

social classes in Ancient Rome

Caetra was the shield used by Iberian, Celtiberian, Gallaecian and Lusitanian warriors. The shield was circular shaped with a diameter between 30 cm to 90 cm. It was tied to the warrior's body with ropes or leather strips that passed over the shoulder and that gave great mobility to fight both on foot and on horseback. The shapes and decorations of the shields had variations in their metal, wood or leather protection. Warriors that carried this shield were usually light infantry called caetratus (pl. Caetrati).

thumb|300px|Mural painting from fullonica VI 8, 20.21.2 at Pompeii, now in the National museum of Naples.

type of construction of the Roman Empire

In Ancient Rome, Tributum was a tax imposed on the citizenry to fund the costs of war. The Tributum was one of the central reasons for the conducting of the census on assets, as it rose with wealth. It included cash assets, land, property and moveable goods (i.e. slaves). Several types of tributum have been attested to, including tributum in capita, tributum temerarium (emergency levy), and tributum ex censu (amount proportional to citizen's census financial rating).

thumb|right|File:Roman Empire - Mauretania Caesariensis (125 AD). Vanarion () is a historic and titular diocese of the Roman Catholic Church. The seat of the bishopric was a Roman town called Vanarion, founded in the Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis, which has been tentatively identified with ruins at Ksar-Tyr in northern Algeria. At present the Catholic bishops are titular. Between 2005 and May 13, 2013 the Bishop of Vanariony was auxiliary bishop of Katowice, Józef Kupny, he was replaced by Prosper Balthazar Lyimo of Tanzania, in 2014.

Roman bronze statue