Anti-competitive practices

A cartel is a group of independent market participants who collaborate with each other and avoid competing with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the market. They seek to limit competition, fix prices, and increase prices by creating artificial shortages through low production quotas, stockpiling, and marketing quotas. Jurisdictions frequently consider cartelization to be anti-competitive behavior, leading them to outlaw or curtail cartel practices. Anti-trust law targets cartel behavior in markets.

sale of goods or services under the production cost or their own costs

economic obstacles to market participation

Collusion is a deceitful agreement or secret cooperation between two or more parties to limit open competition by deceiving, misleading or defrauding others of their legal right. Collusion is not always considered illegal. It can be used to attain objectives forbidden by law; for example, by defrauding or gaining an unfair market advantage. It is an agreement among firms or individuals to divide a market, set prices, limit production or limit opportunities. It can involve "price or wage fixing, kickbacks, or misrepresenting the independence of the relationship between the colluding parties". I

agreement over prices between participants on the same side in a market

Undercutting to eliminate competition

Illegal monopolies by GM and others in the 1940s

practice of employers to use cheaper labour than is usually available at their site of production or sale

government bodies enforcing fair competition

commerce phenomenon

business or government practices that prevent or reduce competition in a market

Deference (also called submission or passivity) is the condition of submitting to the espoused, legitimate influence of one's superior or superiors. Deference implies a yielding or submitting to the judgment of a recognized superior, out of respect or reverence. Deference has been studied extensively by political scientists, sociologists, and psychologists.

fact that resources are exhausted in a steady state

reference price that the manufacturer recommends that the retailer charge to consumers for a product

type of price fixing agreed between a manufacturer and its distributors

practice of selling one product or service as a mandatory addition to the purchase of a different product or service

price ceiling policy used in India, Bangladesh and Indonesia.

form of fraud

American lawyer (1856–1928)

form of price maintenance

Economic principle

informal name given to French law relating to book prices

American mobster (1921–2017)

circumstances where financial market investors have been unreasonably disadvantaged by insider dealing or market manipulation

business strategy