Archaeology in Europe

prehistoric figurine from Austria

thumb|300px|Maiden Castle, Dorset|Maiden Castle in England is one of the largest hillforts in Europe. Photograph taken in 1935 by Major George Allen (1891–1940).

corpse conserved in a bog

distinctive type of stone knapping technique used by ancient humans

thumb|Side view showing the transverse gouges on the left arm The figurine, also called the Lion-man of , is a prehistoric sculpture discovered in Hohlenstein-Stadel, a German cave, part of the Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura UNESCO World Heritage Site, in 1939. The German name, , meaning "lion-person" or "lion-human", is used most frequently because it was discovered and is exhibited in Germany. It is an anthropomorphic figurine combining a human-like body with the head of a cave lion (Panthera spelaea).

prehistoric cemetery lacking above-ground structures, buildings, or grave markers

The Clactonian is the name given by archaeologists to an industry of European flint tool manufacture that dates to the early part of the Hoxnian Interglacial (corresponding to the global Marine Isotope Stage 11 and the continental Holstein Interglacial) around 424–415,000 years ago. Clactonian tools were made by Homo heidelbergensis. The Clactonian is primarily distinguished from the (globally) contemporaneous Acheulean industry by its lack of use of handaxe tools.

thumbnail|right|Entrance of Szeleta Cave, Bükk|Bükk Mountains, [[Miskolc, Hungary]] The Szeleta Culture, or Szeletian, is a transitional archaeological culture between the Middle Paleolithic and the Upper Palaeolithic, found in Austria, Moravia, northern Hungary, and southern Poland. It is dated to 44,000 to 40,000 years ago (up to 35,000 years ago according to some scholars), a period when both Neanderthals and modern humans were present in Europe. Most experts think that it is a Neanderthal culture, but the issue is debated. It is named after Szeleta Cave in the Bükk Mountains in Hungary, th

Bronze Age artefact

sculpture

communal burial places, cut into rock or hillslopes or constructed of masonry, whose chamber may or may not have an entry passage, usually covered by a mound

organization

thumb|The Bulls of Guisando, in [[El Tiemblo, Castile and León, Spain.]] thumb|The Sow of Murça, in Murça, Portugal.

crescent-moon shaped late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age necklace or collar

thumb|right|200px|A palstave with an additional loop. A palstave is a type of early bronze axe. It was common in the middle Bronze Age in northern, western and south-western Europe. In the technical sense, although precise definitions differ, an axe is generally deemed to be a palstave if it is hafted by means of a forked wooden handle kept in place with high, cast flanges and stop bar. The axe should be much thicker on the blade side of the stop bar than the hafting side (Schmidt and Burgess 1981, p. 115). In these respects, it is very close, but distinct from, earlier 'flanged axes'. Palstav

causes and mechanism of the extinction of the Neanderthal people

The Bohunician industry was a Paleolithic archeological industry in South-Central and Eastern Europe. The artifacts assigned to this culture are dated between roughly 48,000 and 40,000 years ago. They were found at the type site of Brno-Bohunice, Stránská skála (Moravia), Bacho Kiro and Temnata Cave (Bulgaria), Dzierzyslaw (Poland), and others.

archeological site

bronze Age European tablets

middle Bronze Age archeological culture in Transylvania

archaeological pattern of ridges and troughs created by a system of ploughing used in Europe during the Middle Ages, typical of the open field system

type of house with a circular plan, usually with a conical roof

female statuettes from the Paleolithic era

thumb|Drawing of the Viereckschanze Buchendorf in Germany A Viereckschanze (from German "four-corner-rampart"; plural -en) is a rectangular ditched enclosure that was constructed during the Iron Age in parts of Celtic Western Europe. They are widespread in Germany, parts of northern France and also in some regions of the Iberian Peninsula, most notably in Portugal.

thumb|Souterrain on Canna, Scotland|Canna in the [[Hebrides]] thumb|upright=1.3|Panoramic view of a souterrain contemporary with a ringfort dating to around 700 AD, built within a much earlier barrow cemetery, in County Armagh, Northern Ireland Souterrain (from French ''''), meaning "subterrain", is a name given by archaeologists to a type of underground structure associated mainly with the European Atlantic Iron Age.

thumb|A postcard photograph inside a maison landaise thumb|Kliese Housebarn in Emmet, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Built ca. 1850 for Friedrich Kliese, an immigrant from Silesia A housebarn (also house-barn or house barn) is a building that is a combination of a house and a barn under the same roof. Most types of housebarn also have room for livestock quarters. If the living quarters are only combined with a byre, whereas the cereals are stored outside the main building, the house is called a byre-dwelling.

self bows from Northern European bogs, c. 7000 BC

venus figurine