Aristotelianism

Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science.

thumb|Cardinal and Theological Virtues, a 1511 portrait by Raphael A virtue () is a trait of excellence, including traits that may be moral, social, or intellectual. The cultivation and refinement of virtue is held to be the "good of humanity" and thus is valued as an end purpose of life or a foundational principle of being. In human practical ethics, a virtue is a disposition to choose actions that succeed in showing high moral standards: doing what is said to be right and avoiding what is wrong in a given field of endeavour, even when doing so may be unnecessary from a utilitarian perspectiv

set of widely accepted beliefs

thumb|Painting of Saint Thomas Aquinas, after whom Thomism is named

Essence () has various meanings and uses for different thinkers and in different contexts. It is used in philosophy and theology as a designation for the property or set of properties or attributes that make an entity the entity it is or, expressed negatively, without which it would lose its identity. Essence is contrasted with accident, which is a property or attribute the entity has accidentally or contingently, but upon which its identity does not depend.

school of philosophy in Ancient Greece

upright=1.0|thumb|Aristotle by Francesco Hayez, 1811

Mimesis (; , mīmēsis) is a term used in literary criticism and philosophy that carries a wide range of meanings, including imitatio, imitation, similarity, receptivity, representation, mimicry, the act of expression, the act of resembling, and the presentation of the self.

public meeting place in Classical Athens

thumb|Averroes depicted in a painting by Italian artist [[Andrea di Bonaiuto. Florence, 14th century.]] Averroism, also known as Rushdism, was a school of medieval philosophy based on the application of the works of 12th-century Andalusian philosopher Averroes, (Ibn Rushd in Arabic; 1126–1198) a commentator on Aristotle, in 13th-century Latin Christian scholasticism and Islamic Golden Age.

thumb|right|upright=1.2|This diagram shows the medieval understanding of celestial spheres|spheres of the [[cosmos, derived from Aristotle, and as per the standard explanation by Ptolemy. It came to be understood that at least the outermost sphere (marked "Primũ Mobile") has its own intellect, intelligence or nous – a cosmic equivalent to the human mind.]]

normative ethical theories

concept associated with Aristotelian philosophy in which all forms of life on the planet exist in ranked order, from the most to the least important, in a "ladder of life"

theoretical foundation of Newtonian mechanics

Hylomorphism is a philosophical doctrine developed by the Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, which conceives every physical entity or being (ousia) as a compound of matter (potency) and substantial form (act), with the generic form as immanently real within the individual. The word is a 19th-century term formed from the Greek words ὕλη (hyle: "wood, matter") and μορφή (morphē: "form"). Hylomorphic theories of physical entities have been undergoing a revival in contemporary philosophy.

postulated ultimate cause of all activity in the universe

In ancient Greek philosophy, '''''' () refers to the type of wisdom or intelligence concerned with practical action. It implies good judgment and excellence of character and habits. In Aristotelian ethics, the concept is distinguished from other words for wisdom and intellectual virtues (such as and ) because of its practical character.

thumb|alt= .|Blessed John Duns Scotus (c.1265-1308), the [[eponym of Scotism.]]

forms (or ideas) organize matter and make it intelligible

Classic device

Telos (; ) is a term used by the philosopher Aristotle to refer to the final cause of a natural organ or entity, or of human art. The Greek word is the root of the modern term "teleology", the study of purposiveness or of objects with a view to their aims, purposes, or intentions. Teleology is central in Aristotle's work on plant and animal biology, and in his analysis of human ethics, through his theory of the four causes. Aristotle's notion that everything has a telos also gave rise to epistemology.

principles which Aristotle used to analyze motion, causality, ethics, and physiology

Avicennism is a school of Islamic philosophy which was established by Avicenna. He developed his philosophy throughout the course of his life after being deeply moved and concerned by the Metaphysics of Aristotle and studying it for over a year. According to Henry Corbin and Seyyed Hossein Nasr, there are two kinds of Avicennism: Islamic Avicennism, and Latin Avicennism.

paradox

thumb|right|Christian revival|Revivalist preacher Sam Jones coined the slogan "Quit Your Meanness" which was put to music by [[E. O. Excell.]] Meanness is a personal quality whose classical form, discussed by many from Aristotle to Thomas Aquinas, characterizes it as a vice of "lowness", but whose modern form deals more with cruelty.

13th-century anti-heresy condemnations issued at University of Paris

concept in classical and Medieval philosophy

Greek principle quoted by Thomas Aquinas

philosophical question

concept in philosophy

theory of the Catholic Church

Latin phrase