Bias

thumb|Man in the Moon|Interpretations of the random patterns of craters on the Moon. A common example of a perceptual bias caused by [[pareidolia.]] Bias is a disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is inaccurate, closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair. Biases can be innate or learned. People may develop biases for or against an individual, a group, or a belief. In science and engineering, a bias is a systematic error. Statistical bias results from an unfair sampling of a population, or from an estimation process that does not give accurate results

application of different sets of justifications for situations that are essentially the same

logical error of concentrating on the people or things that made it past some selection process and overlooking those that did not, typically because of the latter's lack of visibility

standpoint regarding a topic; opinion, attitude, or judgment upon some matter; way that one looks at something

type of bias when authors are more likely to submit, or editors are more likely to accept, positive results than negative or inconclusive results

media bias in which journalists present an issue as being more balanced between opposing viewpoints than the evidence supports

tendency not to side in a conflict

systematic and repeatable errors in a computer system that create unfair outcomes, such as privileging one arbitrary group of users over others

process through which information is filtered for dissemination

Duplicity, fraud, or deception

expected value of a statistical estimator's error

inherent tendency of a process in institutions as well as in non-human systems to support particular outcomes

Xenocentrism is the preference for the cultural practices of other cultures and societies, such as how they live and what they eat, rather than of one's own social way of life. One example is the romanticization of the noble savage in the 18th-century primitivism movement in European art, philosophy and ethnography. Xenocentrism can be a type of ethnocentrism. Because ethnocentrism is often negative and characterized by perceived superiority of one's own society to others, it often contrasts with xenocentrism.

psychological and sociological phenomenon

use of data mining to uncover patterns in data that can be presented as statistically significant

selective revealing or suppression of unhelpful information

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interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture

form of cognitive bias in which a decision is based upon supporting a desired outcome rather than the preponderance of evidence

in a machine-learning algorithm, the set of assumptions that the learner uses to predict outputs of given inputs that it has not encountered

trait of an algorithm, whose results are independent of given variables, e.g. gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability

a cognitive process by which one's own emotional reaction is used to prove something is true

situation in which individuals select themselves into a group, causing a biased sample with nonprobability sampling

potential source of error in spatial analysis

claims of geographical bias when consecrating various topics on Wikipedia

an argument showing that classification is not really possible without some sort of bias

bias or perceived bias involving the slanting and altering of information to make a political position or political candidates seem more attractive

bias arising from measurement error

bias in educational textbooks

tendency of a scientific study to support the interests of its funder

any systematic tendency which causes statistical findings to differ from reality

bias exhibited by scholars

Debiasing is the reduction of bias, particularly with respect to judgment and decision making. Biased judgment and decision making is that which systematically deviates from the prescriptions of objective standards such as facts, logic, and rational behavior or prescriptive norms. Biased judgment and decision making exists in consequential domains such as medicine, law, policy, and business, as well as in everyday life. Investors, for example, tend to exhibit the disposition effect by holding onto falling stocks too long and selling rising stocks too quickly. Employers exhibit considerable dis