Biological anthropology

branch of anthropology that studies the physical development of the human species

obsolete racial classification of humans

Mongoloid () is an obsolete racial grouping of various peoples indigenous to large parts of Asia, the Americas, and some regions in Europe and Oceania. The term is derived from a now-disproven theory of biological race. In the past, other terms such as "Mongolian race", "yellow", "Asiatic" and "Oriental" have been used as synonyms.

thumb|Phrenological skull, European, 19th century. Wellcome Collection, London

Paleoanthropology or paleo-anthropology is a branch of paleontology and anthropology which seeks to understand the early development of anatomically modern humans, a process known as hominization, through the reconstruction of evolutionary kinship lines within the family Hominidae, working from biological evidence (such as petrified skeletal remains, bone fragments, footprints) and cultural evidence (such as stone tools, artifacts, and settlement localities).

Negroid (less commonly called Congoid) is an obsolete racial grouping of various people indigenous to Africa south of the area which stretched from the southern Sahara desert in the west to the African Great Lakes in the southeast, but also to isolated parts of South and Southeast Asia (Negritos). The term is derived from now-disproven conceptions of race as a biological category.

thumb|right|125px|A human skeleton ([[endoskeleton)]]

thumb|right|240px|The field of ergonomics employs anthropometry to optimize human interaction with equipment and workplaces.

Australo-Melanesians (also known as Australasians or the Australomelanesoid, Australoid or Australioid race) is an outdated historical grouping of various people indigenous to Melanesia and Australia. Controversially, some groups found in parts of Southeast Asia and South Asia were also sometimes included.

application of the science of anthropology in a legal setting

pigmentation of human hair follicles

ration of width to length of the head of an organism

right|thumb|255px|Fractured Allosaurus scapula Paleopathology, also spelled palaeopathology, is the study of ancient diseases and injuries in organisms through the examination of fossils, mummified tissue, skeletal remains, and analysis of coprolites. Specific sources in the study of ancient human diseases may include early documents, illustrations from early books, painting and sculpture from the past. All these objects provide information on the evolution of diseases as well as how past civilizations treated conditions. Studies have historically focused on humans, although there is no eviden

Prognathism is a positional relationship of the mandible or maxilla to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the coronal plane of the skull.

taxonomy to categorize human physiques

human development process

relevance of genotype to race classification

human nose with a prominent bridge

genetic differences in human populations

field within anthropology

Neuroanthropology is the study of the relationship between culture and the brain. This field of study emerged from a 2008 conference of the American Anthropological Association. It is based on the premise that lived experience leaves identifiable patterns in brain structure, which then feed back into cultural expression. The exact mechanisms are so far ill defined and remain speculative.

according to historical racial classifications, a subrase of the Caucasoid race, centered in the Horn of Africa, among that region's Hamito-Semitic-speaking populations

thumb|right|A natural endocast of the brain of the Taung Child, a young [[Australopithecus africanus, with the facial portion of the skull attached]] An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms. Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible space, or they may occur naturally through fossilization.

according to 20th century scientific racism, a sub-race of the greater Caucasian race, said to be prevalent among the Azerbaijanis, Kumyks and Tsakhurs

Biological evolution of H. sapiens within the last 50,000 years or so

depression in the jaw

thumb|right|This old jar containing a chimpanzee brain is currently preserved in the Science Museum, London|Science Museum of London. It is still labeled Anthropopithecus troglodytes, binomial name replaced in 1895 by Pan troglodytes. The terms Anthropopithecus (Blainville, 1839) and Pithecanthropus (Haeckel, 1868) are obsolete taxa describing either chimpanzees or archaic humans. Both are derived from Ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος (ánthrōpos), meaning "man", and πίθηκος (píthēkos), meaning "ape, monkey", translating to "man-ape" and "ape-man", respectively.

bone preparation technique whereby one lets a vertebrate carcass decompose in a closed container at constant temperature to obtain a clean skeleton

biological process through which hair becomes white

pseudoscientific journal

form of biological asymmetry