Brain disorders

Addiction is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behavior that produces an immediate psychological reward, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences. Repetitive drug use can alter brain function in synapses similar to natural rewards like food or falling in love in ways that perpetuate craving and weakens self-control for people with pre-existing vulnerabilities. This phenomenon – drugs reshaping brain function – has led to an understanding of addiction as a brain disorder with a complex variety of psychosocia

brain disease that is characterized by loss of brain function, the occurrence of confusion, altered level of consciousness, and coma that results when the liver is unable to remove toxins from the blood

Encephalopathy (; ) is any disorder or disease of the brain, especially chronic degenerative conditions. In modern usage, encephalopathy does not refer to a single disease, but rather to a syndrome of overall brain dysfunction; this syndrome has many possible organic and inorganic causes.

thumb|Photos of anencephalic baby at first (A) and second years (B) of age. thumb|Photos of an anencephalic newborn. Anencephaly is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception. Strictly speaking, the Greek term translates as "without a brain", but it is accepted that children born with this disorder usually only lack a telencephalon, the l

viral disease affecting human brains

condition in which there is excess cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles, and with normal or slightly elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure

abscess caused by inflammation and collection of infected material in the brain

amyloidosis where amyloid protein progressively deposits in cerebral blood vessel walls with subsequent degenerative vascular changes

Hemianopsia, or hemianopia, is a loss of vision or blindness (anopsia) in half the visual field, usually on one side of the vertical midline. The most common causes of this damage are stroke, brain tumor, and trauma.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a parasitic infection of the nervous system caused by the larvae of the tapeworm Taenia solium, also known as the "pork tapeworm". The disease is primarily transmitted through direct contact with human feces, often through the consumption of food or water containing Taenia solium eggs. These eggs hatch in the small intestine and penetrate the intestinal wall. The larvae can travel to the brain, muscles, eyes, and skin. Neurocysticercosis, caused by Taenia solium larvae, differs from taeniasis, which results from adult tapeworm infection.

human disease

Gliosis is a nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS). In most cases, gliosis involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of several different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In its most extreme form, the proliferation associated with gliosis leads to the formation of a glial scar.

deprivation of oxygen to the brain

loss of cerebrospinal fluid into the surrounding tissues

form of visual impairment caused by a brain problem

Human disease

medical condition

Human disease

Human disease

thumb | right | alt=A black and white CT image of a cross-section of the skull and brain | A CT of leukoencephalopathy Leukoencephalopathy (leukodystrophy-like diseases) is a term that describes all of the brain white matter diseases, whether their molecular cause is known or unknown. It can refer specifically to any of these diseases: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Toxic leukoencephalopathy Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter Leukoencephalopathy with neuroaxonal spheroids Reversi

Cerebral softening, also known as encephalomalacia, is a localized softening of the substance of the brain, due to bleeding or inflammation. Three varieties, distinguished by their color and representing different stages of the disease progress, are known respectively as red, yellow, and white softening.

narrowing of the aqueduct of Sylvius

Meningioangiomatosis is a rare disease and tauopathy of the brain. It is characterized by a benign lesion of the leptomeninges usually involving the cerebral cortex, and by leptomeningeal and meningovascular proliferation. Often the patient will present with seizures. The disease may be either sporadic or associated with neurofibromatosis type 2. The lesion is usually focused in one place, though extremely rare multifocal cases have been reported in both adults and children. Biopsy is usually necessary for diagnosis. Treatment conventionally involves surgical removal of the lesion.

sequela of hypoxic encephalopathy

group of sporadic and inherited neurodegenerative disorders affecting the cerebellum, pons, and inferior olives