Buddhist philosophical concepts

thumb|Illustration of reincarnation in Hindu art right|thumb|In Jainism, a [[soul travels to any one of the four states of existence after death depending on its karmas.]]

Karma (, from , ; ) is an ancient Indian concept that refers to an action, work, or deed, and its effect or consequences. In Indian religions, the term more specifically refers to a principle of cause and effect, often descriptively called the principle of karma, wherein individuals' intent and actions (cause) influence their future (effect): Good intent and good deeds contribute to good karma and happier rebirths, while bad intent and bad deeds contribute to bad karma and worse rebirths. In some scriptures, however, there is no link between rebirth and karma.

thumb|260px|An illustration in a manuscript of the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra from [[Nalanda, depicting the bodhisattva Maitreya, an important figure in Mahāyāna]]

Nirvana, in the Indian religions (Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism), is the concept of an individual's passions being extinguished as the ultimate state of salvation, release, or liberation from suffering (duḥkha) and from the cycle of birth and rebirth (saṃsāra).

Dharma (; , ) is a key concept in various Indian religions. The term dharma does not have a single, clear translation and conveys a multifaceted idea. Etymologically, it comes from the Sanskrit dhr-, meaning to hold or to support, thus referring to the law that sustains things—from one's life to society, and to the Universe at large. In its most commonly used sense, dharma refers to an individual's moral responsibilities or duties; the dharma of a farmer differs from the dharma of a soldier, thus making the concept of dharma dynamic. As with the other components of the Puruṣārtha, the concept

thumb|According to the Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth doctrine of Buddhism, a sentient being can reincarnate into six realms of existence. The [[bhavachakra depicts this cycle of saṃsāra in a wheel. Yama, the god of death, is at the top of the outer rim. The outer rim shows the Twelve Nidānas doctrine.]]

In Buddhism, a bodhisattva is a person who has attained, or is striving towards, bodhi ('awakening', 'enlightenment') or Buddhahood. Often, the term specifically refers to a person who forgoes or delays personal nirvana or bodhi in order to compassionately help other individuals reach Buddhahood.

basic framework of Buddhist thought

upright=1.35|thumb|Thangka painting of Manjuvajra mandala upright=1.35|thumb|The Womb Realm mandala. The center square represents the young stage of Vairocana. He is surrounded by eight Buddhas and [[bodhisattvas (clockwise from top: Ratnasambhava, Samantabhadra, Saṅkusumitarāja, Manjushri, Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Amoghasiddhi and Maitreya)]]

one of the principal teachings of the Buddha

concept in Indian religions; illusion, that which changes, unreal, temporary

Duḥkha (; , ) "suffering", "pain", "unease", or "unsatisfactoriness", is an important concept in Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism. Its meaning is context-dependent: it may refer more specifically to the "unsatisfactoriness" or "unease" of craving for and grasping after transient 'things' (i.e. sensory objects, including thoughts), or expecting pleasure from them while ignorant of this transientness. In Buddhism, dukkha is part of the first of the Four Noble Truths and one of the three marks of existence. The term also appears in scriptures of Hinduism, such as the Upanishads, in discussions of m

thumb|An image of the Buddha in samadhi from Gal Vihara, [[Sri Lanka]] thumb|Statue of a meditating Shiva, [[Rishikesh]]

Śūnyatā ( ; ; "emptiness", "voidness", "vacuity") is an Indian philosophical concept In Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism, and other Indian philosophical traditions. The concept has multiple meanings depending on its doctrinal context; an ontological feature of reality, a meditative state, or a phenomenological analysis of experience.

In Buddhism, the term anattā () is the doctrine of "non-self" – that no unchanging, permanent self exists, and is the absence of essence in any phenomenon. While often interpreted as a doctrine denying the existence of a self, anatman is more accurately described as a strategy to attain non-attachment by recognizing everything as impermanent, while staying silent on the ultimate existence of an unchanging essence. In contrast, dominant schools of Hinduism assert the existence of Ātman as pure awareness or witness-consciousness, "reify[ing] consciousness as an eternal self".

Kama (Sanskrit: काम, ) is the concept of pleasure, enjoyment and desire in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. It can also refer to "desire, wish, longing" in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, and Sikh literature. However, the term is also used in a technical sense to refer to any sensory enjoyment, emotional attraction or aesthetic pleasure experienced in connection with the arts, dance, music, painting, sculpture, and nature.

Pāramitā (Sanskrit, Pali: पारमिता) or pāramī (Pāli: पारमी) is a Buddhist term often translated as "perfection". It is described in Buddhist commentaries as a noble character quality generally associated with enlightened beings. Pāramī and pāramitā are both terms in Pali but Pali literature makes greater reference to pāramī, while Mahayana texts generally use the Sanskrit pāramitā.

thumb|upright=1.5|Brick inscribed with the Sutra on Dependent Origination. Found in Gopalpur, Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh. Dated , Gupta Empire|Gupta period. [[Ashmolean Museum.]]

Cyclic day of Brahma in Hindu cosmology lasting 1,000 Yuga Cycles containing 14 Manvantaras and 15 Sandhyās. It is followed by a night (pralaya) of equal length, forming one 24-hour day of Brahma's 100 360-day years.

form of argument in informal logic

Brahmacharya (; Sanskrit: Devanagari: ब्रह्मचर्य) is the concept within Indian religions that literally means "conduct consistent with Brahman" or "on the path of Brahman". Brahmacharya, a discipline of controlling the senses, is seen as a way to liberation. Though sexual restraint is a part of brahmacharya, brahmacharya encompasses all striving toward a passionless state.

thumb|397x397px|Tathagata, Gautama Buddha|Shakyamuni Buddha in a [[thangka painting showing the avadana legend scenes]] Tathāgata (), translated into Chinese as Rulai () and English as Thus Come One, is a Pali and Sanskrit word used in ancient India for a person who has attained the highest religious goal. Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, used it when referring to himself or other past Buddhas in the Pāli Canon. Likewise, in the Mahayana corpus, it is an epithet of Shakyamuni Buddha and the other celestial buddhas. The term is often thought to mean either "one who has thus gone" (tathā

Buddhist concept

' (Pali: ') is a Sanskrit term that refers to benevolence, loving-kindness, friendliness, amity, good will, and active interest in others. The term appears in various ancient and medieval Indian texts, such as the Upanishads, Jain Sutras and Buddhist Suttas. Within Buddhism, it is notably the first of the four sublime states (), one of the ten of Theravāda Buddhism, and expounded upon in the Metta Sutta.

thumb|A Tibetan painting with a Prajñāpāramitā sūtra at the center of the mandala thumb|Prajñāpāramitā Devi, a personification of Transcendent Wisdom, Folio from a Tibetan 100,000 line Prajñāpāramitā manuscript thumb|Tibetan Painting of Mañjuśrī bodhisattva with the sword of wisdom and a sūtra manuscript, which are common symbols of Prajñāpāramitā in [[Buddhist art]]

thumb|The death of the Gautama Buddha|Buddha, or Mahaparinirvana, [[Gandhara 2–3rd century]]

in Buddhism, mental states that cloud the mind

Buddhist concept; consists of impermanence (anicca), suffering (dukkha), and non-self (anattā)

Buddhist doctrine

mystical and esoteric concept of a speculative invisible eye which provides perception beyond ordinary sight

religious concept in Buddhism

REDIRECT Enlightenment in Buddhism#Bodhi

'''''' () is generally translated as compassion or mercy and sometimes as self-compassion or spiritual longing. It is a significant spiritual concept in the Indic religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism.

The ' (sublime attitudes, lit. "abodes of Brahma") is a series of four Buddhist virtues and the meditation practices made to cultivate them. They are also known as the four immeasurables (Pāli: ) or four infinite minds' (Chinese: ). The are: loving-kindness or benevolence () compassion () empathetic joy () equanimity ()

being is born again into one of many realms of existence after physical death, a doctrine in Buddhism

In Indian philosophy and religions, '''''''''' (, ) is "knowledge".

ancient Indian term used to refer to an ideal universal ruler

Niyamas () are positive duties or observances. In Dharma, particularly Yoga, niyamas and their complement, yamas, are recommended activities and habits for healthy living, spiritual enlightenment, and a liberated state of existence. It has multiple meanings depending on context in Hinduism. In Buddhism, the term extends to the determinations of nature, as in the Buddhist niyama dhammas.

thumb|360px| is an important concept and virtue in Indian religions. [[Rigveda, dated to be from , offers the earliest discussion of . It appears in the fifth and sixth lines in this Rigveda manuscript image.]]' (Sanskrit: ; IAST: ) is a Sanskrit word, usually translated as "truth" or "essence'.“ Across Indian religions, satya is a deeply valued virtue, signifying the alignment of one's thoughts, speech, and actions with reality. In Yoga philosophy, particularly in Patañjali's Yoga Sutras, Satya is one of the five yamas—moral restraints designed to cultivate truthfulness and prevent the distor

thumb|The Buddha|Buddha Śākyamuni, in Greco-Buddhist style, –2nd century CE, [[Gandhara]] thumb|A painting of the Adi-Buddha|primordial Buddha, Vajradhāra, of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]

concept of hell in Buddhism

Buddhist concept

thumb|right|Gautama Buddha depicted in Greco-Buddhist style, demonstrating control over the fire and water elements. 3rd century CE, [[Gandhara (modern eastern Afghanistan).]]

concept considered fundamental to Buddhist ethics

Tathātā (; ; ) is a Buddhist term variously translated as Thusness, Suchness, True Thusness, or True Suchness, referring to the Ultimate Reality, the intrinsic and essential nature of all existences, free from dualistic thinking, conceptualization, and subject–object distinction. It is formless, uncreated, eternal, perfect, unchanging, indestructible, and is the true nature of all phenomena. It represents the genuine reality of existence, which transcends physical forms, physical senses, and intellectual comprehension, indicating a profound insight into the nature of things as they truly are.

concept in Buddhism

Concept in Buddhism

{| cellpadding=2 style="float:right" | | |- | | |- | |} Mahābhūta is Sanskrit for "great element". However, very few scholars define the five mahābhūtas in a broader sense as the five fundamental aspects of physical reality.

buddhist psychological construct

thumb|Sculpture of Vamana, an avatar of Vishnu, who is associated with the legend of taking three strides upon the three worlds Trailokya (; ; , Tibetan: khams gsum; ; ) literally means "three worlds". It can also refer to "three spheres," "three planes of existence," and "three realms".

in Buddhism, mental obstacles to meditation and well-being in daily life

alt=9–10-year-old boys of the Yao tribe in Malawi participating in circumcision and initiation rites.|thumb|Initiation ritual of boys in Malawi. The ritual marks the passage from child to adult male, a liminal stage in the context of their lives.

Rūpa () means "form". As it relates to any kind of basic object, it has more specific meanings in the context of Indic religions.

In Buddhism, the '''''' (Pali; variant spellings include and ; Skt.: ) are qualities () conducive or related to () awakening/understanding (), i.e. the factors and wholesome qualities which are developed when the mind is trained ().

Satipatthana (; ) is a central practice in the Buddha's teachings, meaning "the establishment of mindfulness" or "presence of mindfulness", or alternatively "foundations of mindfulness", aiding the development of a wholesome state of mind. In Theravada Buddhism, applying mindful attention to four domains, the body, feelings, the mind, and key principles or categories of the Buddha's teaching (dhammās), is thought to aid the elimination of the five hindrances and the development of the seven aspects of wakefulness.

__NOTOC__ Dvesha (Sanskrit: द्वेष, IAST: dveṣa; ; Tibetan: zhe sdang) is a Buddhist and Hindu term that is translated as "hate, aversion". In Hinduism, it is one of the Five Poisons or kleshas.

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cyclical rebirths of disatisfying, ignorantly desirous karmic mundane existence, and death

In Buddhism, upaya (Sanskrit: उपाय, , expedient means, pedagogy) is an aspect of guidance along the Buddhist paths to liberation where a conscious, voluntary action "is driven by an incomplete reasoning" about its direction. Upaya is often used with kaushalya (कौशल्य, "cleverness"), upaya-kaushalya meaning "skill in means".

In Buddhism, '''' (, ) literally means place of work''. Its original meaning was someone's occupation (farming, trading, cattle-tending, etc.) but this meaning has developed into several distinct but related usages all having to do with Buddhist meditation.