Caesaropapism

thumb|A small cross of Sheet metal|gold sheet, with rubbings of coins of [[Justin II (emperor in 565–574) and holes for nails or thread, Italian, 6th century]]

veto by monarchs in papal elections

9th-century schism between Rome and Constantinople

Byzantine domination of the Roman papacy, 537 to 752

position held by the British Monarch (1558-)

governance policy in the early Holy Roman Empire

1536–1555 office in the Kingdom of England