Clinical research

thumb|Placebos are typically inert tablets, such as sugar pills. A placebo ( ) is a medicine or treatment intended to appear genuine to its recipient, but which has no pharmaceutical effect. Common placebos include inert tablets (like sugar pills), inert injections (like saline), sham surgery, and other procedures.

human subject research in medicine

experimental method designed to reduce bias, typically accomplished by randomly allocating subjects to two or more groups, with one being a control group

A nocebo effect is said to occur when a patient's expectations for a treatment cause the treatment to have a worse effect than it otherwise would have. For example, when a patient anticipates a side effect of a medication, they can experience that effect even if the "medication" is actually an inert substance. The complementary concept, the placebo effect, is said to occur when expectations improve an outcome.

approach to medical practice intended to optimize decision-making by emphasizing the use of evidence from well-designed and well-conducted research

Scottish physician and pioneer of naval hygiene

experiment in which information about the test is masked to reduce bias

preventative and therapeutic medications for COVID-19 infection

Pearl Index

thumb|right|335px|A bioequivalency profile comparison of 150 mg extended-release bupropion as produced by [[Impax Laboratories for Teva and Biovail for GlaxoSmithKline]]

set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out routine operations

Pharmacovigilance (PV, or PhV), also known as drug safety, is the discipline within pharmaceutical science that addresses the identification, evaluation, and mitigation of adverse effects and other drug-related problems associated with pharmaceutical products.

statistical measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon

systematic, scientific investigation that involves human beings as research subjects

medical research using human test subjects

international quality standard for conducting clinical trials involving human subjects

thumb|Creating a list may be the first step in establishing priorities. thumb|This sign says it prioritizes Disability|the disabled, the elderly, pregnant people, and parents.

program providing access to unapproved drugs or medical devices

multinational Phase III-IV clinical trial organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and partners to compare four untested treatments for hospitalized people with severe COVID-19 illness

steps for human subject medical research

publication type, detailed medical report on the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient

Initiative to promote public health

type of healthcare company

applications of statistics to medicine and the health sciences

occurrence or absence of disease, symptom, sign or laboratory abnormality constituting a target outcome in clinical research trials

type of cohort study

healthcare profession

Form of study design and analysis for medical studies

internationally agreed format for drug approvals

heuristic ranking science research results

clinical trial that aims at establishing the safety and efficacy of a vaccine prior to it being licensed

type of medical research study

procedure to independently assess the methodological quality of a clinical trial

process of establishing documentary evidence demonstrating that a procedure, process, or activity carried out in testing and then production maintains the desired level of compliance at all stages

Microdosing, or micro-dosing, involves the administration of sub-therapeutic doses of drugs to study their effects in humans, aiming to gather preliminary data on safety, pharmacokinetics, and potential therapeutic benefits without producing significant physiological effects. This is called a "Phase 0 study" and is usually conducted before clinical Phase I to predict whether a drug is viable for the next phase of testing. Human microdosing aims to reduce the resources spent on non-viable drugs and the amount of testing done on animals.

as effects from vaccines other than those on the targeted disease

group of experimental subjects which the study's design treats in a distinct way

untoward medical occurrence in human medical trials that is sufficiently serious and meeting criteria such as resulting in death, life-threatening situation, inpatient hospitalization, disability or incapacity, birth defect, or permanent impairment

type experimental design in a clinical trial

statistical analyses that were not specified before the data were seen

type of writing used in the medical, healthcare and pharmaceuticals professions

faked surgical intervention

United States Food and Drug Administration's Investigational New Drug (IND) program

software system

bad outcome during experimental treatment

person(s) in charge of conducting a research project

pharmaceutical product that successfully completed drug approval process

A process of investigating patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures and its translation.

in a clinical trial, the document showing all the evaluated patient data

international non-governmental organization (NGO) dealing with ethics of health-related research

practice of monitoring the safety of a pharmaceutical drug or medical device after it has been released on the market

plan for research