Commercial crimes

process of transforming profits of crime and corruption into ostensibly legitimate assets

A cartel is a group of independent market participants who collaborate with each other and avoid competing with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the market. They seek to limit competition, fix prices, and increase prices by creating artificial shortages through low production quotas, stockpiling, and marketing quotas. Jurisdictions frequently consider cartelization to be anti-competitive behavior, leading them to outlaw or curtail cartel practices. Anti-trust law targets cartel behavior in markets.

Embezzlement (from Anglo-Norman, from Old French besillier ("to torment, etc."), of unknown origin) is a type of financial crime, usually involving theft of money from a business or employer. It often involves a trusted individual taking advantage of their position to steal funds or assets, most commonly over a period of time.

thumb|Counterfeit designer t-shirts at a [[flea market]]

person's pledge of their labor or services as security for the repayment for a debt or other obligation

good fraudulently sold under a brand name

Theranos Inc. () was an American privately held corporation that was touted as a breakthrough health technology company. Founded in 2003 by then 19-year-old Elizabeth Holmes, Theranos raised more than US$700 million from venture capitalists and private investors, resulting in a $9 billion valuation at its peak in 2013 and 2014. The company claimed that it had devised blood tests that could be performed rapidly and accurately, while requiring very small amounts of blood, all using compact automated devices that the company had developed. These claims were proven to be false.

deliberate attempt to create artificial, false or misleading appearances with respect to the price of, or market for, a product, security or commodity

agreement over prices between participants on the same side in a market

Undercutting to eliminate competition

misleading content in advertisements

Bait-and-switch is a form of fraud used in retail sales but also employed in other contexts. First, the merchant "baits" the customer by advertising a product or service at a low price; then when the customer goes to purchase the item, they discover that it is unavailable, and the merchant pressures them instead to purchase a similar but more expensive product ("switching").

thumb|right| Second-century bronze jug held by the British Museum, with false copyright claim, while on loan to Tullie House Museum|alt=Photograph of an ancient bronze on display in a museum; beneath it, a warning states "Please do not photograph this object as it is protected by copyright." A copyfraud is a false copyright claim by an individual or institution with respect to content that is in the public domain. Such claims are unlawful, at least under US and Australian copyright law, because material that is not copyrighted is free for all to use, modify and reproduce. Copyfraud also includ

thumb|316x316px|An Anycool V876 mobile phone featuring a rotatable screen. The name "Anycool" was meant to copy Samsung Anycall|Anycall, [[Samsung's brand for phones in South Korea and Greater China. The addition of extra features not found in authentic products is indicative of shanzhai electronics, particularly in the 2000s.]]

tax haven leak and financial scandal unveiled in April 2013

economic support to terrorism activity

when a seller increases prices of goods, services, or commodities to a level much higher than is considered reasonable or fair

fraud involving complex methods for misusing or misdirecting funds, overstating revenues, understating expenses, overstating the value of corporate assets, or underreporting the existence of liabilities

A shill, also called a plant or a stooge, is a person who publicly helps or gives credibility to a person or organization without disclosing that they have a close relationship with said person or organization, or have been paid to do so. Shills can carry out their operations in the areas of media, journalism, marketing, politics, sports, confidence games, cryptocurrency, or other business areas. A shill may also act to discredit opponents or critics of the person or organization in which they have a vested interest.

unlawful withholding of employee pay by their employer

Scandal on food and alleged bribary

collection of federal and state government laws, which regulates the conduct and organization of business corporations, generally to promote fair competition for the benefit of consumers

intelligence assessment of accounting and financial transactions

blacklist of non-cooperating countries created by the Financial Action Task Force

American mobster (1921–2017)

Structuring, also known as smurfing in banking jargon, is the practice of executing financial transactions such as making bank deposits in a specific pattern, calculated to avoid triggering financial institutions to file reports required by law, such as the United States' Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) and Internal Revenue Code section 6050I (relating to the requirement to file Form 8300). Structuring may be done in the context of money laundering, fraud, and other financial crimes. Legal restrictions on structuring are concerned with limiting the size of domestic transactions for individuals.

In United States antitrust law, monopolization is illegal monopoly behavior. The main categories of prohibited behavior include exclusive dealing, price discrimination, refusing to supply an essential facility, product tying and predatory pricing. Monopolization is a federal crime under Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. It has a specific legal meaning, which is parallel to the "abuse" of a dominant position in EU competition law, under TFEU article 102. It is also illegal in Australia under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (CCA). Section 2 of the Sherman Act states that any

In law, misappropriation is the unauthorized use of another's name, likeness, identity, property, discoveries, inventions, etc. without that person's permission, resulting in harm to that person.

illegal pain clinic