Concepts in ethics

Sittlichkeit () is the concept of "ethical life" or "ethical order" furthered by German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. It was first presented in his work Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) to refer to "ethical behavior grounded in custom and tradition and developed through habit and imitation in accordance with the objective laws of the community" and it was further developed in his work Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1820).

Blame is the act of censuring, holding responsible, or making negative statements about an individual or group that their actions or inaction are socially or morally irresponsible, the opposite of praise. When someone is morally responsible for doing something wrong, their action is blameworthy. By contrast, when someone is morally responsible for doing something right, it may be said that their action is praiseworthy. There are other senses of praise and blame that are not ethically relevant. One may praise someone's good dress sense, and blame their own sense of style for their own dress sen

outcomes that are not the ones intended or foreseen by a purposeful action, resulting from a variety of reasons, including the world's inherent complexity as well as cognitive or emotional biases

thumb|Bre people|Brè women showing distrust of the photographer Distrust is a formal way of not trusting any one party too much in a situation of grave risk or deep doubt. It is commonly expressed in civics as a division or balance of powers, or in politics as means of validating treaty terms. Systems based on distrust simply divide the responsibility so that checks and balances can operate. The phrase "trust, but verify" refers specifically to distrust.

experience of seeing the reality and fragility of the Earth in space

Duplicity, fraud, or deception

Heteronomy refers to action that is influenced by a force outside the individual, in other words the state or condition of being ruled, governed, or under the sway of another, as in a military occupation. It is the counter/opposite of autonomy.

decision-making problem between two conflicting moral imperatives, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable

thumb|A teaching material in Ashikaga Gakko (Japan) to teach students the importance of moderations. The cup is inclined when it's empty. When you pour water into it, it goes upright. If you pour more water, it becomes inclined again.

killing of oneself to help others or advance a larger aim

judgment of the rightness or wrongness of something or someone, or of the usefulness of something or someone, based on a comparison or other relativity

status of morally deserving praise, blame, reward, or punishment for an act or omission, in accordance with one's moral obligations

Confucian virtue

Akrasia refers to the phenomenon of acting against one's better judgment—the state in which one intentionally performs an action while simultaneously believing that a different course of action would be better. Sometimes translated as "weakness of will" or "incontinence," akrasia describes the paradoxical human experience of knowingly choosing what one judges to be the inferior option. This concept raises philosophical questions regarding the connection between reason, desire, and action by challenging the intuitive assumption that rational judgment governs an agent's behavior. Altogether, akr

[禮/礼] classical Chinese word which finds its most extensive use in Confucian and post-Confucian Chinese philosophy

the view that morality is, or ought to be, determined by those in power

Harm is a moral and legal concept with multiple definitions. It generally functions as a synonym for evil or anything that is bad under certain moral systems. Something that causes harm is harmful, and something that does not is harmless.

intentionally harming others without self-benefit

Normativity concerns the standards of what people ought to do, believe, or value. It is a quality of rules, judgments, or concepts that prescribe how things should be or what individuals may, must, or must not do. Normative claims express what ought to be the case, such as "you should not smoke". They contrast with descriptive claims about what is the case, such as "you smoked yesterday". Normativity shapes many everyday activities, such as decision-making, evaluating outcomes, criticizing others, and justifying actions.

duty as one of the Japanese values

capacity of an agent to act in a world and make own decisions

Self-righteousness (also called sanctimony, sententiousness, and holier-than-thou attitudes) is an attitude and belief of moral superiority derived from a person deeming their own beliefs, actions, or affiliations to be of greater virtue than those of the average person. Self-righteous individuals are intolerant of the opinions and behaviors of others that they deem to be less moral and virtuous. A self-righteous person will often exhort or rebuke certain behaviors and actions from others.

entity that always performs optimal actions from given information

a principle originating inside a person's mind that compels that person to act

philosophical concept

Abilities are powers an agent has to perform various actions. They include common abilities, like walking, and rare abilities, like performing a double backflip. Abilities are intelligent powers: they are guided by the person's intention and executing them successfully results in an action, which is not true for all types of powers. They are closely related to but not identical with various other concepts, such as disposition, know-how, aptitude, talent, potential, and skill.

concept of ordinary people accepting premises, however inhuman, as normal

ethical or philosophic value that an object has "in itself" or "for its own sake"

phrase from U.S. Declaration of Independence

courage to take action for moral reasons

thumb|right|Christian revival|Revivalist preacher Sam Jones coined the slogan "Quit Your Meanness" which was put to music by [[E. O. Excell.]] Meanness is a personal quality whose classical form, discussed by many from Aristotle to Thomas Aquinas, characterizes it as a vice of "lowness", but whose modern form deals more with cruelty.

in philosophy, concept of practical import, oriented to effecting an action

an injury to an individual's moral conscience and values

Supererogation (Late Latin: supererogatio "payment beyond what is needed or asked", from super "beyond" and erogare "to pay out, expend", itself from ex "out" and rogare "to ask") is the performance of more than is asked for; the action of doing more than duty requires. In ethics, an act is supererogatory if it is good but not morally required to be done. It refers to an act that is more than is necessary, when another course of action—involving less—would still be an acceptable action. It differs from a duty, which is an act wrong not to do, and from acts morally neutral. Supererogation may b

Approach to middle ground in Islam

ability to make ethical judgements

philosophical and social movement advocating for a pro-technology stance that seeks to maximize the probability of a technocapital singularity

In scholastic moral philosophy, synderesis () or synteresis is habitual knowledge of the universal practical principles of moral action. The reasoning process in the field of speculative science presupposes certain fundamental axioms on which all science rests. Such are the principle of contradiction, "a thing cannot be and not be at the same time," and self-evident truths like "the whole is greater than its part". These are the first principles of the speculative intellect. In the field of moral conduct there are similar first principles of action, such as: "evil must be avoided, good done";

thumb|upright|An appeal to self-interest during World War II Self-interest generally refers to a focus on the needs or desires (interests) of one's self. Most times, actions that display self-interest are often performed without conscious knowing. A number of philosophical, psychological, and economic theories examine the role of self-interest in motivating human action. Individuals may have a self-serving bias towards their self-interest.

Pleonexia, sometimes called pleonexy, originating from the Greek πλεονεξία, is a philosophical concept which roughly corresponds to greed, covetousness, or avarice, and is strictly defined as "the insatiable desire to have what rightfully belongs to others."

the use of reason to decide how to act

Ethical and legal principle for development or resource extraction on indigenous ancestral lands

attitude of deep respect tinged with awe

phrase used by Immanuel Kant

Moral dilemma

when universalizable abstract principles are reflectively found to be in equilibrium with particular intuitive judgements

person who interferes with the status quo of a society or community

Moral source from which natural law seeks to derive its authority

thumb|At the time, the Temple of Human Passions#The "Human Passions" relief|Human Passions relief by [[Jef Lambeaux was deemed indecent.]]

dilemma named after dramatist Pierre Corneille

biotechnological elimination of involuntary suffering

act that deceives by stating a true statement that is irrelevant or leads to a false conclusion

In political philosophy, a throffer is a proposal (also called an intervention) that mixes an offer with a threat which will be carried out if the offer is not accepted. The term was first used in print by political philosopher Hillel Steiner; while other writers followed, it has not been universally adopted and it is sometimes considered synonymous with carrot and stick. Though the threatening aspect of a throffer need not be obvious, or even articulated at all, an overt example is: "Kill this man and receive £100; fail to kill him and I'll kill you."

acting like a deity with immense control over people's lives

The concept of universalizability was set out by the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant as part of his work Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. It is part of the first formulation of his categorical imperative, which states that the only morally acceptable maxims of our actions are those that could rationally be willed to be universal law.

philosophical concept

Temporary inability to see the ethical aspects of decisions

philosophical argument put forward by British philosopher G. E. Moore, to refute the equating of the property of goodness with some non-moral property, X, whether naturalistic (e.g. pleasure) or supernatural

Broadening of moral considerations

situation in which all individuals would be better off cooperating but fail to do so because of conflicting interests between individuals that discourage joint action