Cryobiology

thumb|upright=1.35|Many organisms, including aspen trees, reproduce by cloning, often creating large groups of organisms with the same [[DNA. One example depicted here is quaking aspen.]]

assisted reproductive technology procedure (ART)

thumb|Water dripping from a slab of [[ice and then freezing, forming icicles]] Freezing is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point.

pregnancy through in vivo fertilization

Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things within Earth's cryosphere or in science. The word cryobiology is derived from the Greek words κρῧος [kryos], "cold", βίος [bios], "life", and λόγος [logos], "word". In practice, cryobiology is the study of biological material or systems at temperatures below normal. Materials or systems studied may include proteins, cells, tissues, organs, or whole organisms. Temperatures may range from moderately hypothermic conditions to cryogenic temperatures.

thumb|The lichen [[Xanthoria elegans can continue to photosynthesize at .]]

facility that collects and stores human semen from sperm donors for use by women who need donor-provided sperm to achieve a pregnancy or pregnancies.

reversible transition in amorphous materials at which amorphous polymers go from hard to viscous

Vitrification (, via French '''') is the full or partial transformation of a substance into a glass, that is to say, a non-crystalline or amorphous solid. Glasses differ from liquids structurally and glasses possess a higher degree of connectivity with the same Hausdorff dimensionality of bonds as crystals: dimH = 3. In the production of ceramics, vitrification is responsible for their impermeability to water.

preservation of plants or animals outside their natural habitats

medical procedure

proteins that bind to ice and modify the growth of ice crystals

Cryosurgery (with cryo from the Ancient Greek ) is the use of extreme cold in surgery to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue; thus, it is the surgical application of cryoablation. Cryosurgery has been historically used to treat a number of diseases and disorders, especially a variety of benign and malignant skin conditions.

conservation biology

Cryochemistry is the study of chemical interactions at temperatures below . It is derived from the Greek word cryos, meaning 'cold'. It overlaps with many other sciences, including chemistry, cryobiology, condensed matter physics, and even astrochemistry.

A cryoprotectant is a substance used to protect biological tissue from freezing damage (i.e. that due to ice formation). Arctic and Antarctic insects, fish and amphibians create cryoprotectants (antifreeze compounds and antifreeze proteins) in their bodies to minimize freezing damage during cold winter periods. Cryoprotectants are also used to preserve living materials in the study of biology and to preserve food products.

storage facility for genetic material

process by which an organism prepares for cold weather

procedure performed prior to in vitro fertilization

Frozen zoo project