Currency

thumb|upright=1.5|Euro [[banknotes and coins]]

A currency is a standardized form of money, in use or circulation as a medium of exchange, for example banknotes, coins, electronic balances in bank accounts, and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). A more general definition is that a currency is a system of money in common use within a specific environment over time, especially for people in a nation state. Under this definition, the Pound sterling (£), euro (€), Japanese yen (¥), and U.S. dollars (US$) are examples of (government-issued) fiat currencies. Currencies may act as stores of value and be traded between nations in foreign exch

A coin is a small object, usually round and flat, used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by a government. Coins often have images, numerals, or text on them. The faces of coins or medals are sometimes called the obverse and the reverse, referring to the front and back sides, respectively. The obverse of a coin is commonly called heads, because it often depicts the head of a prominent person, and the reverse is known as tails.

economic theory that states that the exchange rate between two countries is equal to the ratio of the currencies' respective purchasing power

thumb|Coin collectors and enthusiasts at an exhibition organized by the Numismatic Society of Calcutta, Kolkata, [[West Bengal, in 2022]]

rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another

currency established as money by government regulation or law

medium of payment allowed by law or recognized by a legal system to be valid for meeting a financial obligation

two or more states sharing the same currency without them having any further integration

foreign currency held by monetary authorities as part of forex reserves

Bimetallism, also known as the bimetallic standard, is a monetary standard in which the value of the monetary unit is defined as equivalent to certain quantities of two metals, creating a fixed rate of exchange between them. In all known historical cases, the metals are gold and silver.

ancient memory aid device used to record and document quantities

globally traded currency that serves as a reliable and stable store of value

In monetary economics, redenomination is the process of changing the face value of banknotes and coins in circulation. It may be done because inflation has made the currency unit so small that only large denominations of the currency are in circulation. In such cases the name of the currency may change or the original name may be used with a temporary qualifier such as "new". Redenomination may be done for other reasons such as changing over to a new currency such as the Euro or during decimalisation.

money function, unit of value that can be treated as a standard in accounting or economic analysis

business where people can exchange one currency for another

financial portfolio

monetary authority which is required to maintain a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency

1970 paper by the economist George Akerlof

thumb|400px|Starting with Nero in AD 64, the Romans continuously debased their silver coins until, by the end of the 3rd century, hardly any silver was left. A debasement of coinage is the practice of lowering the intrinsic value of coins, especially when used in connection with commodity money, such as gold or silver coins, while continuing to circulate it at face value. A coin is said to be debased if the quantity of gold, silver, copper or nickel in the coin is reduced.

cost associated with owning or holding currency over a given period

monetary policy operation

intermediary used in trade to avoid the inconveniences of a pure barter system

Decimalisation or decimalization (see spelling differences) is the conversion of a system of currency or of weights and measures to units related by powers of 10.

Nomisma () was the ancient Greek word for "money" and is derived from nomos () meaning "'anything assigned,' 'a usage,' 'custom,' 'law,' 'ordinance,' or 'that which is a habitual practice.'"

property that money is useful later

1526 paper on coinage by Copernicus

any type of money that has face value greater than its value as material substance

form of Notgeld money issued in times of siege, war or invasion

exclusive legal control over a currency

vending machine that exchanges some denominations of currency for others

Range of values for the exchange rate

device that determines whether notes or coins are genuine or counterfeit

continued use of currency

change of currency values relative to other currencies

Designation applied by the US government

money historically used in leper colonies

coins that have the same worth as the metal they contain

cryptocurrency that is a hard fork of Bitcoin Cash (2018)

experimental store