Cybernetics

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field of research in engineering, mathematics and computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals.

scientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to perform tasks without explicit instructions

thumb|Principle diagram of a cybernetic system with a feedback loop

In biology, homeostasis (British also homoeostasis; ) is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living organisms. This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits (homeostatic range). Other variables include the pH of extracellular fluid, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, as well as the blood sugar level, and these need to be regulated despite changes in the environment, diet, or level of activity. Each of t

mathematical theory from the field of probability theory and statistics

thumb|Artist's illustration of a cyborg

paradigm that living organisms interact with their surroundings in a self-regulating system

competitive algorithm for searching a problem space

A pacemaker, also known as an artificial cardiac pacemaker, is an implanted medical device that generates electrical pulses delivered by electrodes to one or more of the chambers of the heart. Each pulse causes the targeted chamber(s) to contract and pump blood, thus regulating the function of the electrical conduction system of the heart.

system where only the inputs and outputs can be viewed, and not its implementation

prosthesis used for severe and profound hearing loss

does not allow certain types of transfers (such as transfer of mass) in or out of the system

stability mechanism which occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances

Subsidiarity is a principle of social organization that holds that social and political issues should be dealt with at the most immediate or local level that is consistent with their resolution. The Oxford English Dictionary defines subsidiarity as "the principle that a central authority should have a subsidiary function, performing only those tasks which cannot be performed at a more local level". The concept is applicable in the fields of government, political science, neuropsychology, cybernetics, management and in military command (mission command). The OED adds that the term "subsidiarity

subset of evolutionary computation

thumb|upright=1.2|Self-organization in micron-sized Nb3O7(OH) cubes during a Hydrothermal synthesis|hydrothermal treatment at 200 °C. Initially [[amorphous cubes gradually transform into ordered 3D meshes of crystalline nanowires as summarized in the model below.]]

process that occurs in a feedback loop which magnifies a small disturbance

Optogenetics is a biological technique used to characterize and manipulate the activity of neurons or other cell types with light. This is achieved by expression of light-sensitive ion channels, pumps or enzymes in the target brain cells.

thumb|3D representation of a living cell during the process of mitosis, example of an autopoietic system

type of psychotherapy

based on systems theory (broadly applicable concepts and principles, as opposed to concepts and principles applicable to one domain of knowledge; distinguishes, dynamic or active systems and static or passive systems)

systems with external interactions

thumb|A mound built by Nasutitermes triodiae|cathedral termites thumb|A coral colony

mechanism for automatically controlling the speed of an engine

research area on making artificial intelligence safe and beneficial

system in which a perfect understanding of the individual parts does not automatically convey a perfect understanding of the whole system's behavior

use of complex algorithms and software to approximate human cognition in the analysis of complicated medical data

alignment of AI systems towards human goals, preferences and ethical principles

approach to solve new case on solution of similar previous case

Chilean economic project

information with (mutually exclusive) double meaning in communication between people

academic field

school of thought on thermodynamics and systems phenomena developed by Hermann Haken

Biocybernetics is the application of cybernetics to biological science disciplines such as neurology and multicellular systems. Biocybernetics plays a major role in systems biology, seeking to integrate different levels of information to understand how biological systems function. The field of cybernetics itself has origins in biological disciplines such as neurophysiology. Biocybernetics is an abstract science and is a fundamental part of theoretical biology, based upon the principles of systemics. Biocybernetics is a psychological study that aims to understand how the human body functions as

OGAS (, "National Automated System for Computation and Information Processing") was a Soviet project to create a nationwide information network. The project began in 1962 but was denied necessary funding in 1970. It was one of a series of socialist attempts to create a nationwide cybernetic network.

arms race for the most advanced technologies in terms of artificial intelligence

algorithms to detect AI-generated content

Biorobotics is an interdisciplinary science that combines the fields of biomedical engineering, cybernetics, and robotics to develop new technologies that integrate biology with mechanical systems to develop more efficient communication, alter genetic information, and create machines that imitate biological systems.

target value that an automatic control system, for example PID controller, will aim to reach

method of describing good design practices

technology-enabled automation of complex business processes

A heterarchy is a system of organization where the elements of the organization are unranked (non-hierarchical) or where they possess the potential to be ranked a number of different ways. Definitions of the term vary among the disciplines: in social and information sciences, heterarchies are networks of elements in which each element shares the same "horizontal" position of power and authority, each playing a theoretically equal role. In biological taxonomy, however, the requisite features of heterarchy involve, for example, a species sharing, with a species in a different family, a common an

Feedforward is a term coined by the literary critic I. A. Richards in 1951 at the 8th Macy conference on cybernetics. Feedforward relates to feedback, another cybernetic concept, but while feedback is a reaction to the output of a process, feedforward is the anticipation of what the output might be.

approaches to the study of language that see functionality of language and its elements to be the key to understanding linguistic processes and structures

process in systems in which there is interaction

highest possible rate of computation in this universe

biological neural circuit that produces rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input

augmentation of intelligence through the use of information technology

philosophical and social movement advocating for a pro-technology stance that seeks to maximize the probability of a technocapital singularity

branch of engineering dealing with the design of systems to control the movement of vehicles

branch of cybernetics concerned with applications in engineering

thumb|right|W. Ross Ashby's homeostat

Sociocybernetics is an interdisciplinary science between sociology and general systems theory and cybernetics. The International Sociological Association has a specialist research committee in the area – RC51 – which publishes the (electronic) Journal of Sociocybernetics.

in control theory, the combination of process and actuator

meetings of scholars from various disciplines to set the foundations for a general science of the workings of the human mind

art influenced by cybernetics and systems theory

the observer is an integral part of the system being observed

functional explanation of linguistic form

550px|thumb|right| The Harbisson's Sonochromatic Music Scale An eyeborg or eye-borg is a body modification apparatus which fits on the wearer's head, and is designed to allow people to perceive color through sound waves. It works with a head-mounted antenna that senses the colors directly in front of a person, and converts them in real-time into sound waves through bone conduction.