Deductive reasoning

method of reasoning by which premises understood to be true produce logically certain conclusions

process of deducing properties of an underlying probability distribution by analysis of data

fundamental concept in logic

logical correctness of an argument's steps, regardless of the truth of the premises

kind of proof calculus

In logic, soundness can refer to either a property of arguments or a property of formal deductive systems.

deductive argument that is invalid due to faulty reasoning, regardless of the truthiness of the conclusion

theorem

Bulverism is a rhetorical fallacy that combines circular reasoning, the genetic fallacy and ad hominem with presumption or condescension. The Bulverist presumes that a speaker's argument is false or invalid and then explains why the speaker made that argument (even if said argument is actually correct) by attacking the speaker or the speaker's motive.

Apriorism (sometimes a priorism or a-priorism) in modern times, refers to epistemological positions that assume that certain knowledge can be justified without reference to experience, or, in a narrower sense, that knowledge is entirely possible without any experience. The truth of statements is to be proven by logical deduction from true premises. Only those presuppositions come into question that can be regarded as necessities of reason independent of any experience. Critics accuse apriorism of committing a “petitio principii”, i.e. proving something that is already assumed to be true. Johan

mathematical symbol

powers implicitly authorized by the U.S. Constitution