Democratic backsliding in the interwar period

The '''''' (; or loosely 'stormtroopers'), or SA, was the original paramilitary organisation under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party of Germany. It played a significant role in Hitler's rise to power in the 1920s and early 1930s. Its primary purposes were providing protection for Nazi rallies and assemblies, disrupting the meetings of opposing parties, fighting against the paramilitary units of the opposing parties, especially the Roter Frontkämpferbund of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), and intimidating

purge that took place in Nazi Germany from June 30 to July 2, 1934

state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States

Italian historical event

The Voluntary Militia for National Security (, MVSN), commonly called the Blackshirts (, CCNN, singular: ) or (singular: ), was originally the paramilitary wing of the National Fascist Party, known as the Squadrismo, and after 1923 an all-volunteer militia of the Kingdom of Italy under Fascist rule, similar to the SA. Its members were distinguished by their black uniforms (modelled on those of the Arditi, Italy's elite troops of World War I) and their loyalty to Benito Mussolini, the Duce (leader) of Fascism, to whom they swore an oath. The founders of the paramilitary groups were nationalist

racially charged mass attack in Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA in May-June 1921

German law which transferred power from the Reichstag and the Weimar President to Adolf Hitler and his Cabinet

thumb|1938 Nuremberg rallies|Nuremberg Rally postcard, from the NSDAP Central Publishing House. A Nazi () towers over Germany and Austria.|upright=0.8

German military presence in Czechoslovakia between 1939–1945

failed 1936 coup d'état in Japan

questionable election held in the Weimar Republic in 1933

timeline of Adolf Hitler's rise to power (1919–1932)

1925 law of the Empire of Japan

former election act in Italy

Japanese special police force

French demonstration in Paris

'''' () was the movement of (English: action squads), the fascist militias that were organised outside the authority of the Italian state and led by local leaders called ras'' (a noble Ethiopian title). The militia originally consisted of farmers and middle-class people, who created their own defence from revolutionary socialists. became an important asset for the rise of the National Fascist Party, led by Benito Mussolini, and systematically used violence to eliminate any political parties that were opposed to Italian fascism.

1937-1938 Japanese suppression of socialists and communists

criminal procedures against critical media and journalists in the Weimar Republic