Diagnostic nephrology

Urinalysis, a portmanteau of the words urine and analysis, is a panel of medical tests that includes physical (macroscopic) examination of the urine, chemical evaluation using urine test strips, and microscopic examination. Macroscopic examination targets parameters such as color, clarity, odor, and specific gravity; urine test strips measure chemical properties such as pH, glucose concentration, and protein levels; and microscopy is performed to identify elements such as cells, urinary casts, crystals, and organisms.

renal function test, based on water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules

urea nitrogen in blood

diagnostic tool used in urinalysis

form of kidney imaging involving radioisotopes

biopsy from kidney

In medicine, Kt/V is a number used to quantify hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis treatment adequacy. K – dialyzer clearance of urea t – dialysis time V – volume of distribution of urea, approximately equal to patient's total body water