Discovery and invention controversies

thumb|An old rotary dial telephone thumb|AT&T push button telephone made by [[Western Electric, model 2500 DMG black, 1980]]

American aviation pioneers

Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, the average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.

electric light bulb with a resistively heated wire filament

electronic circuit formed on a small, flat piece of semiconductor material

non-destructive technique for imaging internal structures of objects or organisms

reaction engine which generates thrust by jet propulsion

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thumb|Continuously varied JPEG compression (between Q=100 and Q=1) for an abdominal [[CT scan]]

explorer from the United States (1856–1920)

allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure

Italian inventor and telephone pioneer (1808–1889)

German-born American inventor (1851–1929)

American electrical engineer and inventor (1890–1954)

American inventor (1906–1971)

Russian-American engineer (1888–1982)

hypothetical type of nuclear reaction

American explorer (1865-1940)

German scientist and inventor (1834–1874)

American electrical engineer

Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method. For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability when the study is replicated. There are different kinds of replication but typically replication studies involve different researchers using the same methodology. Only after one or several such successful replications should a result be recognized as sci

American scientist and inventor (1936–2022)

Russian aerospace engineer (1825–1890)

American physicist and inventor (1920–2005)

French artist and cinematographer, pioneer of cinema

period of competitive fossil hunting during the Gilded Age of American history, marked by a heated rivalry between Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh

possible first powered manned flight (1874–1927)

Lempel&ndash;Ziv&ndash;Welch (LZW) is a universal lossless compression algorithm created by Abraham Lempel, Jacob Ziv, and Terry Welch. It was published by Welch in 1984 as an improvement to the LZ78 algorithm published by Lempel and Ziv in 1978. Claimed advantages include: simple to implement and the potential for high throughput in a hardware implementation.

business that cashes in on inventions of others by buying up patents before expiration date

thumb|240px|This page from Alain Manesson Mallet's five-volume world atlas shows the islet of Guanahani, the site of Columbus' first landing in 1492

amount of work done to produce a unit quantity of heat

The EmDrive is a controversial device first proposed in 2001, purported by its inventors to be a reactionless drive. While no mechanism for operation was proposed, this would violate the law of conservation of momentum and other laws of physics. The concept has at times been referred to as a resonant cavity thruster. The idea is generally considered by physicists to be pseudoscience.

human discovery of the planet Neptune

machine that can fly, including aircraft, spacecraft, rockets, and missiles

computer that executes program instructions that it reads from memory

Polywater was a hypothesized polymerized form of water that was the subject of much scientific controversy during the late 1960s, first described by Soviet scientist Nikolai Fedyakin. By 1969 the popular press had taken notice of Western attempts to recreate the substance and sparked fears of a "polywater gap" between the United States and Soviet Union. Increased press attention also brought with it increased scientific attention, and as early as 1970 doubts about its authenticity were being circulated. By 1973 it was found to be illusory, being just water with any number of common compounds c

claimed cold fusion reactor

perpetual motion machine

The Coandă-1910, designed by Romanian inventor Henri Coandă, was an unconventional sesquiplane aircraft powered by a ducted fan. Called the "turbo-propulseur" by Coandă, its experimental engine consisted of a conventional piston engine driving a multi-bladed centrifugal blower which exhausted into a duct. The unusual aircraft attracted attention at the Second International Aeronautical Exhibition in Paris in October 1910, being the only exhibit without a propeller, but the aircraft was not displayed afterwards, and it fell from public awareness. Coandă used a similar turbo-propulseur to drive

French immunologist and physician (1935–2004)

American engineer and inventor (1927–2005)

disputes between American and Soviet scientists over naming rights for newly discovered chemical elements

book

argument between Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz over who had first invented calculus

controversies around the nobel prize

thumb|upright=1.35|Captain Science reading an alien's brain

Indian aviation pioneer (1864–1916)

Italian inventor (1826–1877)

American patent lawyer and inventor of a version of the automobile (1846–1922)

aircraft

Controversy over discovery of a dwarf planet

Wikimedia list article

American aviation pioneer (1874-1951)

Alleged anomalous behavior of pendulums or gravimeters

overview about the invention of the telephone

Debate about priority credit for the theories of general and special relativity

aspect of history relating to the invention of radio

species of Secernentea

hypothesis about scientific discoveries and inventions

proposed method of generating pluripotent stem cells