DNA

type of regulatory sequence

genetic material that promotes its own transmission

method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA

The study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)

process of compacting DNA molecules

highly sensitive tool used in molecular biology to detect DNA polymorphisms

short sub-sequence of a cDNA sequence

Depurination is a chemical reaction of purine deoxyribonucleosides, deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine, and ribonucleosides, adenosine or guanosine, in which the β-N-glycosidic bond is hydrolytically cleaved releasing a nucleic base, adenine or guanine, respectively. The second product of depurination of deoxyribonucleosides and ribonucleosides is sugar, 2'-deoxyribose and ribose, respectively. More complex compounds containing nucleoside residues, nucleotides and nucleic acids, also suffer from depurination. Deoxyribonucleosides and their derivatives are substantially more prone to depurinatio

nucleic acid sequence

three-dimensional shape of a nucleic acid polymer

Process of encoding and decoding binary data to and from synthesized strands of DNA

In biology, reprogramming refers to erasure and remodeling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development or in cell culture. Such control is also often associated with alternative covalent modifications of histones.

PCR technique used to generate strain-specific arrays of anonymous DNA fragments

In molecular biology, a displacement loop or D-loop is a DNA structure where the two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule are separated for a stretch and held apart by a third strand of DNA. An R-loop is similar to a D-loop, but in that case the third strand is RNA rather than DNA. The third strand has a base sequence which is complementary to one of the main strands and pairs with it, thus displacing the other complementary main strand in the region. Within that region the structure is thus a form of triple-stranded DNA. A diagram in the paper introducing the term illustrated the D-loop

thumb|An amplicon sequence template that has been prepared for amplification. The target sequence to be amplified is colored green. In molecular biology, an amplicon is a piece of DNA that is the source and/or product of amplification or replication events. It can be formed artificially, using various methods including polymerase chain reactions (PCR) or ligase chain reactions (LCR), or naturally through gene duplication. In this context, amplification refers to the production of one or more copies of a genetic fragment or target sequence, specifically the amplicon. As it refers to the product

academic conference held in 1975

United States national DNA database

portions of a genome sequence for which no discernible function has been identified

genetic engineering method

region of non-coding DNA between genes

DNA structure in which three oligonucleotides wind around each other and form a triple helix. In this structure, one strand binds to a B-form DNA double helix through Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds

thumb|right|250px|Nucleic acid melting curve showing hyperchromicity as a function of temperature Hyperchromicity is the increase of absorbance (optical density) of a material. The most famous example is the hyperchromicity of DNA that occurs when the DNA duplex is denatured. The UV absorption is increased when the two single DNA strands are being separated, either by heat or by addition of denaturant or by increasing the pH level. The opposite, a decrease of absorbance is called hypochromicity.

cave

genetic mutation that occurs during the life of an organism, and may not be sexually inherited

Paleogenomics is a field of science based on the reconstruction and analysis of genomic information in extinct species. Improved methods for the extraction of ancient DNA (aDNA) from museum artifacts, ice cores, archeological or paleontological sites, and next-generation sequencing technologies have spurred this field. It is now possible to detect genetic drift, ancient population migration and interrelationships, the evolutionary history of extinct plant, animal and Homo species, and identification of phenotypic features across geographic regions. Scientists can also use paleogenomics to comp

DNA analysis of Jewish populations

artificial nucleases that cleave DNA at a defined distance from specific sequences

DNA located outside the chromosomes of a cell, and found for example in organelles or plasmids

abnormal chemical structure in DNA

cDNA library is a population of bacterial transforments in which each mRNA is isolated from eukaryotic organisms is represented as it's cDNA insertion in plasmid vector is called as cDNA library.

process of describing the structure and function of a genome

DNA strand with the same base sequence as an mRNA transcript

thumb|300px|A current model of meiotic recombination, initiated by a double-strand break or gap, followed by pairing with a homologous chromosome and strand invasion to initiate the recombinational repair process. Repair of the gap can lead to crossover (CO) or non-crossover (NCO) of the flanking regions. CO recombination is thought to occur by the Double Holliday Junction (DHJ) model, illustrated on the right, above. NCO recombinants are thought to occur primarily by the Synthesis Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA) model, illustrated on the left, above. Most recombination events appear to be t

Coding strand of DNA

site-specific recombinase technology

Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of performing a specific chemical reaction, often but not always catalytic. This is similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA). However, in contrast to the abundance of protein enzymes in biological systems and the discovery of biological ribozymes in the 1980s, there is only little evidence for naturally occurring deoxyribozymes. Deoxyribozymes should not be confused with DNA aptamers which are oligonucleotides that sele

nucleotide sequences recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors

DNA sequencing method, technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored.

fetal DNA in the maternal bloodstream

patented molecular cloning method

intergenic DNA sequence separating ribosomal RNA genes

short sequence of DNA or cDNA obtained by sequencing

in molecular biology

degraded DNA fragments circulating in bodily fluids

fragments of extrachromosomal DNA in human tumors

Molecular biology technique

trans-acting transcriptional activator

secondary structure of chromatin

transposable element composed of DNA

DNA released from tumor cells that is found circulating in body fluids

region of DNA

chromosomal DNA, in contrast to extra-chromosomal DNAs like plasmids

splitting the DNA into shorter pieces by endonucleolytic DNA cleavage at multiple sites

a series of nucleotides including a transcription start site on one DNA strand whose presence in a gene promoter eventually leads to a chain reaction or polymerization such as transcription

hypothesis that aging is caused by accumulated DNA damage

cccDNA (covalently closed circular DNA) is a special DNA structure that arises during the propagation of some viruses in the cell nucleus and may remain permanently there. It is a double-stranded DNA that originates in a linear form that is ligated by means of DNA ligase to a covalently closed ring. In most cases, transcription of viral DNA can occur from the circular form only. The cccDNA of viruses is also known as episomal DNA or occasionally as a minichromosome.

thumb|upright=2|Screenshot of a chromatogram inside the program "Sequencher" thumb|upright=3|Capillary Electrophoresis to Electropherogram process (Courtesy of www.biointeractive.org) thumb|300px|Generation of results