Earth's crust

thumb|upright=1.2|Mount Everest, Earth's highest mountain

Earth's outer layer

thumb|350x350px|Magma can be found in the mantle or the crust. Magma () is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed. Magma (sometimes colloquially but incorrectly referred to as lava) is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and evidence of magmatism has also been discovered on other terrestrial planets and some natural satellites. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals and gas bubbles.

rock arising from metamorphism of original rock under high heat and pressure

fracture or discontinuity in rock across which there is displacement

result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union on the Kola Peninsula

term in geography: boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle

part of Earth's lithosphere

Isostasy () or isostatic equilibrium is the state of gravitational equilibrium between Earth's crust (or lithosphere) and mantle such that the crust "floats" at an elevation that depends on its thickness and density. This concept is invoked to explain how different topographic heights can exist at Earth's surface. Although originally defined in terms of continental crust and mantle, it has subsequently been interpreted in terms of lithosphere and asthenosphere, particularly with respect to oceanic island volcanoes, such as the Hawaiian Islands.

layer of rocks that forms the continents and continental shelves

thumb|upright|Soil with broken rock fragments overlying bedrock at Reay|Sandside Bay, Caithness, Scotland thumb|Soil profile with bedrock labeled R

discontinuous seismic boundary

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matter of Earth's oceanic crust, consisting of rocks rich in magnesium silicate minerals

thumb|260px|Diastrophism by 2011 Tohoku earthquake Diastrophism is the process of deformation of the Earth's crust which involves folding and faulting. Diastrophism can be considered part of geotectonics. The word is derived from the Greek '''' 'distortion, dislocation'.

marine research program in 1961

band in the earth's crust from East Antarctica through East Africa up to the Arabian-Nubian Shield

consolidation of the Earth's crust

strongest part of the Earth's crust