Education in Goryeo

The ' () or kwagŏ were the national civil service examinations' under the Goryeo (918–1392) and Joseon (1392–1910) periods of Korea. These typically demanding tests measured candidates' ability of writing composition and knowledge of the Chinese classics. The form of writing varied from literature to proposals on management of the state. Technical subjects were also tested to appoint experts on medicine, interpretation, accounting, law etc. These were the primary route for most people to achieve positions in the bureaucracy.

Kugyŏl (also Romanized as gugyeol or kwukyel, among others) is a family of annotation systems for rendering texts written in Classical Chinese into understandable Korean. Believed to have been developed after the introduction of Chinese Characters during the Three Kingdoms period of Korea, its oldest record is found within Buddhist texts in Chinese from the Goryeo period; reached the height of its use during the Joseon dynasty, when readings of the Chinese classics were of paramount social importance.

'''''' () were private village schools providing elementary education during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties of Korea.

thumb|Map of 107 Hanggyo '''''' () were government-run provincial Confucian schools established during the Goryeo (918–1392), and Joseon (July 1392 – August 1910) periods in Korea. They were established to educate and train officials in Confucian ideals and the ethics of government. In the Joseon period, when Neo-Confucianism replaced Buddhism as the ruling ideology, the government needed to promote the new ideology to create a new social order based on Neo-Confucianism. During this period also, teachers at Hyanggyo received land, royalties, and slaves from the government.

The Kukchagam (), known at times as Kukhak () or '''Sŏnggyun'gwan' (), was the highest educational institution of the Korean Goryeo dynasty. It was located at the capital, Gaegyeong (modern-day Kaesong), and provided advanced training in the Chinese classics. It was established in 992 during the reign of Seongjong. Its name has been changed to Songgyungam in 1298 and to Songgyungwan in 1308. Its current name is Koryo (/Goryeo) Songgyungwan University/University of Light Industry. A similar institution, known as the Gukhak'', had been established under Unified Silla, but it was not successful.