Electronics

thumb|right|upright=1.2|Modern surface-mount technology|surface-mount electronic components on a [[printed circuit board, with a large integrated circuit at the top]]

thumb|An integrated circuit (IC) as an example application in the field of microelectronics. The chip housing is opened to allow a view of the actual circuit. The golden connecting cables, which form the electrical wiring between the IC and the housing contacts, can be seen on the sides.

Spintronics (a portmanteau of spin transport electronics), also known as spin electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices. The field of spintronics concerns spin-charge coupling in metallic systems. The analogous effects in insulators fall into the field of multiferroics.

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circuits or devices built entirely from solid materials and in which the electrons, or other charge carriers, are confined entirely within the solid material

thumb|300px| A ribosome is a [[biological machine that utilizes protein domain dynamics, which can only be seen by neutron spin echo spectroscopy]]

collection of electronic parts intended for home construction of electronic circuits

the sampling frequency of a digital audio device

Atomtronics is an emerging field concerning the quantum technology of matter-wave circuits which coherently guide propagating ultra-cold atoms. The systems typically include components analogous to those found in electronics, quantum electronics or optical systems; such as beam splitters, transistors, and atomic counterparts of Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). Applications range from studies of fundamental physics to the development of practical devices that extenuate towards the usage of quantum superfluids for the computational modeling techniques of large quantitative

system that operates by controlling, amplifying, or converting the flow of electric current

transfer of energy from one electrical medium or circuit segment to another