Endemism

thumb|Both the orange-breasted sunbird (Anthobaphes violacea) and the [[Kniphofia uvaria plant it feeds on are found exclusively in South Africa.]] thumb|Bicolored frog (Clinotarsus curtipes) is endemic to the [[Western Ghats of India.]] thumb|Montezuma Well in the [[Verde Valley of Arizona contains at least five endemic species found exclusively in the sinkhole.]]

cave in Romania

isolated mountains surrounded by radically different lowland environments

application of the principles of ecological restoration to islands and island groups