Enlightenment philosophy

period of European history and cultural movement of the 17th and 18th centuries

1781 philosophical work by Immanuel Kant

intellectual movement in 18th–19th century Scotland

epistemology, proposed by Kant, in which space and time are merely formal features of how we perceive objects, not things in themselves that exist independently of us

hypothetical conditions of human life before society

Latin phrase coined by Thomas Hobbes

philosophical tract by Immanuel Kant

1784 essay by Immanuel Kant

Doxa (; from verb ) is a common belief or popular opinion. In classical rhetoric, doxa is contrasted with episteme ('knowledge').

thumb|Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II by [[Anton von Maron, 1775]] Josephinism is a name given collectively to the domestic policies of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1765–1790). During the ten years in which Joseph was the sole ruler of the Habsburg monarchy (1780–1790), he attempted to legislate a series of drastic reforms to remodel Austria in the form of what liberals saw as an ideal Enlightened state. This provoked severe resistance from powerful forces within and outside his empire, but ensured that he would be remembered as an "enlightened ruler" by historians from then to the p

norms and values that Europeans have in common

work of political and moral philosophy by Immanuel Kant

concept in political philosophy

18th-century national revival and educational movement in Greece

painting by Jacques-Louis David

philosophy during the Age of Enlightenment

general encyclopedia directed by Fortunato Bartolomeo De Felice and published in French in Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland, between 1770 and 1780

play written by Ludvig Holberg

changes in thinking about evolution from religious and spiritual to more mechanistic and biological over the 17th and 18th centuries

literary work by Immanuel Kant

Geist () is a German noun with a significant degree of importance in German philosophy. Geist can be roughly translated into three English meanings: ghost (as in the supernatural entity), spirit (as in the Holy Spirit), and mind or intellect. Some English translators resort to using "spirit/mind" or "spirit (mind)" to help convey the meaning of the term.

aspect of history

1797 essay by Immanuel Kant

The fish-man of Liérganes () is an entity of the mythology of Cantabria, located in the north of Spain. The fish-man would be an amphibian human-looking being, who looked a lot like a metamorphosis of a real human being who was lost at sea. His story was examined by Enlightenment writer Benito Jerónimo Feijoo, who claimed that the story was true.