Epistemology

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge. Also called the theory of knowledge, it explores different types of knowledge, such as propositional knowledge about facts, practical knowledge in the form of skills, and knowledge by acquaintance as a familiarity through experience. Epistemologists study the concepts of belief, truth, and justification to understand the nature of knowledge. To discover how knowledge arises, they investigate sources of justification, such as perception, introspection, memory, reason, and testimony.

theorem that a wide class of logical systems cannot be both consistent and complete

former group of philosophers and scientists

form of logical inference that seeks the best conclusion that explains a set of given observations

Gnosiology ("study of knowledge") is "the philosophy of knowledge and cognition". In Soviet and post-Soviet philosophy, the word is often used as a synonym for epistemology. The term is also currently used in regard to Eastern Christianity.

In the philosophy of mathematics, intuitionism, or neointuitionism (opposed to preintuitionism), is an approach where mathematics is considered to be purely the result of the constructive mental activity of humans rather than the discovery of fundamental principles claimed to exist in an objective reality. That is, logic and mathematics are not considered analytic activities wherein deep properties of objective reality are revealed and applied, but are instead considered the application of internally consistent methods used to realize more complex mental constructs, regardless of their possibl

In philosophy, praxeology or praxiology (; ) is the theory of human action, based on the notion that humans engage in purposeful behavior, contrary to reflexive behavior and other unintentional behavior.

making sure a classifier is based on observables instead of expediency or arbitrariness

mathematical viewpoint that existence proofs must be constructive

organization; network of researchers

mathematical problem

period circa 266—90 BCE investigating the possibilities of certainty in all knowledge

phrase by Donald Rumsfeld

logical fallacy

field of study in analytic philosophy

Chinese philosophical concept

Apriorism (sometimes a priorism or a-priorism) in modern times, refers to epistemological positions that assume that certain knowledge can be justified without reference to experience, or, in a narrower sense, that knowledge is entirely possible without any experience. The truth of statements is to be proven by logical deduction from true premises. Only those presuppositions come into question that can be regarded as necessities of reason independent of any experience. Critics accuse apriorism of committing a “petitio principii”, i.e. proving something that is already assumed to be true. Johan

the power of a scientific theory to generate testable predictions, which differs from mere explanatory or descriptive power

psycological concept

proposed connection between lay concepts and social sciences

use of methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological interest

philosophical interpretation of the axioms of probability

Metaepistemology is the study of the underlying assumptions of epistemology. As the theory of knowledge, epistemology is concerned with questions about what knowledge is and how much people can know. Metaepistemology, by contrast, investigates what the aims and methods of epistemology should be, whether there are objective facts about what people know, and related issues.

Alethiology (or alethology, "the study of aletheia") literally means the study of truth, but can more accurately be translated as the study of the nature of truth.

form of thinking that uses the function of a phenomenon within a larger system to explain it