Ethical schools and movements

Egoism is a philosophy concerned with the role of the self, or , as the motivation and goal of one's own action. Different theories of egoism encompass a range of disparate ideas and can generally be categorized into descriptive or normative forms. That is, they may be interested in either describing that people do act in self-interest or prescribing that they should. Other definitions of egoism may instead emphasise action according to one's will rather than one's self-interest, and furthermore posit that this is a truer sense of egoism.

rights of non-human animals

thumb|Mahatma Gandhi leading the famous 1930 [[Salt March, a notable example of satyagraha.]]

Southern African philosophy

human infliction of suffering or harm upon non-human animals, for purposes other than self-defense or survival

cultural movement

Carnism is a concept used in discussions of humanity's relation to other animals, defined as a prevailing ideology in which people support the use and consumption of animal products, especially meat. Carnism is presented as a dominant belief system supported by a variety of defense mechanisms and mostly unchallenged assumptions. As a dominant ideological system of which meat consumption and animal exploitation are a part, it prescribes norms and beliefs about animal treatment. The term carnism was coined by social psychologist and author Melanie Joy in 2001 and popularized by her book Why We

persistence of will in obtaining the optimal quality of spiritual, mental, physical, and material being

field of inquiry that explores how evolutionary theory might bear on our understanding of ethics or morality.

organization

organic production of food and other crops with minimal animal inputs

a movement of individuals who seek to study and advance Objectivism

The Conimbricenses are an important collection of Jesuit commentaries on Aristotle compiled at University of Coimbra in Coimbra, Portugal.