Fermi–Dirac statistics

behaviour of many identical fermions, particles with half-integer spin

physical model of 'gases' composed of many non-interacting identical fermions

concept in quantum mechanics referring to the energy difference between the highest and lowest occupied single-particle states in a quantum system of non-interacting fermions at absolute zero temperature

the total chemical potential for electrons (or electrochemical potential for electrons) and is usually denoted by µ or EF

an abstract boundary in reciprocal space useful for predicting the thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of metals, semimetals, and doped semiconductors

mathematical integral

a term for the Fermi level (chemical potential of electrons) that describes the population of electrons separately in the conduction band and valence band, when their populations are displaced from equilibrium