Forest management

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Plantations are farms specializing in cash crops, usually mainly planting a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on. Plantations, centered on a plantation house, grow crops including cotton, cannabis, tobacco, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, opium, sisal, oil seeds, oil palms, fruits, rubber trees and forest trees. Plantation crops are grown on large lands called estates. These crops are grown with scientific methods and a large, highly skilled labor force. Crops such as tea and coffee are grown on hillslopes as they cannot withstand stagnant water. Protec

thumb|A forest, six years after reforestation efforts in Panama. thumb|Reforestation in progress: Direct-sowing of seed in a burned area (after a wildfire) in the [[Idaho Panhandle National Forest, United States.]] Reforestation is the practice of restoring previously existing forests and woodlands that have been destroyed or damaged. The prior forest destruction might have happened through deforestation, clearcutting or wildfires. Three important purposes of reforestation programs are for harvesting of wood, for climate change mitigation, and for ecosystem and habitat restoration purposes. On

farming method in which plants are cut and burned; burning of forest or land area for agricultural purposes

facility where plants are propagated and grown to usable size

Silviculture is the practice of controlling the growth, composition/structure, as well as quality of forests to meet values and needs, specifically timber production. The name comes from the Latin ('forest') and ('growing'). The study of forests and woods is termed silvology. Silviculture also focuses on making sure that the treatment(s) of forest stands are used to conserve and improve their productivity. The professional is known as silviculturist.

thumb|upright=1.35|Maize grown under Faidherbia albida and [[Borassus akeassii near Banfora, Burkina Faso ]] Agroforestry (also known as agro-sylviculture or forest farming) is a land use management system that integrates trees with crops or pasture. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies. As a polyculture system, an agroforestry system can produce timber and wood products, fruits, nuts, other edible plant products, edible mushrooms, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, animals and animal products, and other products from both domesticated and wild species.

right|thumb|An arborist practicing [[tree care: using a chainsaw to fell a eucalyptus tree in a park at Kallista, Victoria.]]

Coppicing is the traditional method in woodland management of cutting down a tree to a stump, which in many species encourages new shoots to grow from the stump or roots, thus ultimately regrowing the tree. A forest or grove that has been subject to coppicing is called a copse or coppice, in which young tree stems are repeatedly cut down to near ground level. The resulting living stumps are called stools. New growth emerges, and after a number of years, the coppiced trees are harvested, and the cycle begins anew. Pollarding is a similar process carried out at a higher level on the tree in orde

Shifting cultivation or Jhum cultivation

thumb|upright=1.3|After a century of clearcutting, this forest, near the source of the Lewis and Clark River in [[Clatsop County, Oregon, is a patchwork. In each patch, most of the trees are the same age.]] thumb|A forest before and after clearcutting Clearcutting, clearfelling or clearcut logging is a practice in forestry and logging, in which most or all of the trees in an area are uniformly cut down. Along with shelterwood and seed tree harvests, it is used by foresters to create certain types of forest ecosystems and to promote select species that require an abundance of sunlight or grow i

branch of forestry

Pollarding is a pruning system involving the removal of the upper branches of a tree, which promotes the growth of a dense head of foliage and branches. In ancient Rome, Propertius mentioned pollarding during the 1st century BCE. The practice has been common in Europe since medieval times, and today is used in urban areas worldwide, primarily to maintain trees at a determined height or to place new shoots out of the reach of grazing animals.

A cultigen (), or cultivated plant, is a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans, by means of genetic modification, graft-chimaeras, plant breeding, or wild or cultivated plant selection. These plants have commercial value in horticulture, agriculture and forestry. Plants meeting this definition remain cultigens whether they are naturalised, deliberately planted in the wild, or grown in cultivation.

a forest which protects from natural hazard

250px|thumb|An arborist using a chainsaw to cut a [[eucalyptus tree in a public park]] alt=Arborists in Ontario|thumb|Two arborists climbing and dismantling a Norway Maple in Ontario, Canada An arborist, or (less commonly) arboriculturist, is a professional in the practice of arboriculture, which is the cultivation, management, and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants in dendrology and horticulture.

process of transplanting tree seedlings

forest roads are used for forest development for the transport of forest products, people, operating resources and recreation

process in growing new plants from a variety of sources

thumb| trees thumb|upright=1.3| trees at Ryōan-ji

field of law

actions to reinstate forest health

systematic collection of information about a forested area for assessment or analysis

Forestry for production of biomass or biofuel

silvicultural practice

Land use and runoff management technique

thumb|Apples thinning: before (at left) after (at right)

approach to sustainable forest management

plantation for the cultivation of trees for harvest

tree farming

Slash-and-char is an alternative to slash-and-burn that has a lesser effect on the environment. It is the practice of charring the biomass resulting from the slashing instead of burning it. Due to incomplete combustion (pyrolysis) the resulting residue matter charcoal can be utilized as biochar to improve the soil fertility.

process by which vegetation, such as trees and bushes, together with their roots are permanently removed

method of seeding that involves scattering seed, by hand or mechanically, over a relatively large area

two-stage silvicultural method in which a partial canopy of mature trees is retained to provide shade for tree seedlings

practice in forestry

Assarting is the act of clearing forested lands for use in agriculture or other purposes. In English land law, it was illegal to assart any part of a royal forest without permission. This was the greatest trespass that could be committed in a forest, being more than a waste: while waste of the forest involves felling trees and shrubs, which can regrow, assarting involves completely uprooting all trees—the total extirpation of the forested area.

Genetic material of trees and shrubs

tree felling machine which also functions to hold and accumulate cut trees

Largely undeveloped or wild land, usually forested, surrounding a river or stream