Former cities in Russia

Bolghar or Bolgar (; Tatar: Болгар, بلغار, Bolğar; Chuvash: Аслă Пăлхар, Aslă Pălhar) was intermittently the capital of Volga Bulgaria from the 10th to the 13th centuries, along with Bilyar and Nur-Suvar. It was situated on the bank of the Volga River, about 30 km downstream from its confluence with the Kama River and some 130 km from modern Kazan in what is now Spassky District. To the west of it lies a small modern town known as Bolgar since 1991. The UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (ancient Bolghar hill fort) to the World Heri

capital of the Golden Horde

thumb|200px|A terracotta vessel in the shape of a sphinx, 5th century BC. One of 26 similar pieces discovered in a feminine necropolis ("[[Demeter's priestess") near Phanagoria. On exhibit at the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg.]] Phanagoria (; ) was the largest ancient Greek city on the Taman peninsula, spread over two plateaus along the eastern shore of the Cimmerian Bosporus.

thumb|Relief from Tanais Tanais ( Tánaïs; ) was an ancient Greek city in the Don river delta, called the Maeotian marshes in classical antiquity. It was a bishopric as Tana and remains a Latin Catholic titular see as Tanais.

Tmutarakan (, ; ) was a medieval principality of Kievan Rus' and trading town that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov, between the late 10th and 11th centuries. Its site was the ancient Greek colony of Hermonassa () founded in the mid 6th century BCE, by Mytilene (Lesbos), situated on the Taman peninsula, in present-day Krasnodar Krai, Russia, roughly opposite Kerch. The Khazar fortress of Tamantarkhan (from which the Byzantine name for the city, Tamatarcha, is derived) was built on the site in the 7th century, and became known as Tmutarakan wh

Atil, also Itil, was the capital of the Khazar Khaganate from the mid-8th century to the late 10th century. It is known historically to have been situated along the Silk Road, on the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, in the Volga Delta region of what is now southern Russia. Its precise location has long been unknown.

thumb|Sibier, the region and the city, can be seen on this map by Gerhard Mercator (published 1595), positioned on a left tributary of the [[Ob River. Mercator places Sibir correctly at about 58° northern latitude, but somewhat too much to the west.]]

thumb|200px|Hungarian Prehistory|Migration of Hungarians thumb|200px|Turkic Tamgas on some of the bricks from Sarkel

thumb|Materials of archaeological excavations in Mangazeya (State Historical Museum, [[Moscow)]] Mangazeya () was a Northwest Siberian trans-Ural trade colony and later city in the 17th century. Founded in 1600 by Cossacks from Tobolsk, it was situated on the Taz River, between the lower courses of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean. The name derives from a Nenets ethnonym Monkansi or Mongandi.

Povenets (; ; ) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Medvezhyegorsky District of the Republic of Karelia, Russia, located on the shore of Lake Onega, north of Petrozavodsk, the capital of the republic. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 2,209.

Bilär or Bilyarsk (; ) was a medieval city in Volga Bulgaria and its second capital before the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria. It was located on the left bank of the Small Cheremshan River in Alexeeyevsky District of the Tatarstan. Its erstwhile location is from the current village of the same name and from Kazan.

thumb|Coat of arms of Yarensk

Leshukonskoye () is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Leshukonsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Vashka River. It also serves as the administrative center of Leshukonsky Selsoviet, one of the seven selsoviets into which the district is administratively divided. Municipally, it is the administrative center of Leshukonskoye Rural Settlement. Population:

selo and administrative center of Krasnoborsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia

thumb Hajji Tarkhan or Hajji Tarkhan al Jedid (Turki/Kypchak and , ), also known as Hashtar Khan / Astarxan () or Astrakhan, was a medieval city at the right bank of Volga, situated approximately 12 km north of the modern city of Astrakhan. The first mention of the town was recorded in 1333. In the 13th and 14th centuries, it was one of the main trade and political centres of the Golden Horde. In 1395, the city was sacked by Timur. Astrakhan was rebuilt afterwards and became the capital of the Khanate of Astrakhan in 1459. In 1547, the city was seized by the Crimean khan Sahib I Giray. In

thumb|300px|Model reconstruction of Nyenschantz and Nyen, which shows the fortress from the west. Nyenschantz (, ; ; ) was a Swedish fortress at the confluence of the Neva River and Okhta River, the site of present-day Saint Petersburg, Russia. Nyenschantz was built in 1611 to establish Swedish rule in Ingria, which had been annexed from the Tsardom of Russia during the Time of Troubles. The town of Nyen, which formed around Nyenschantz, became a wealthy trading center and a capital of Swedish Ingria during the 17th century. In 1702, Nyenschantz and Nyen were conquered by Russia during the Gre

Lalsk () is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Luzsky District of Kirov Oblast, Russia, located northeast from Luza, the administrative center of the district. Population:

human settlement in Chernoyarsky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia

thumb|Narym stronghold at the end of the 17th century Narym (, Southern Selkup dialect for swamp) is a village (selo) in Parabelsky District of Tomsk Oblast, Russia, located on the banks of the Ob River near its confluence with the Ket River, from the village of Parabel. The village is surrounded on all sides by marshes.

human settlement in Oryol Oblast, Russia

thumb|400px|Map showing the major Varangian trade routes of the 8th–11th centuries, with Balanjar along the Volga trade route (in red). Balanjar (; Baranjar, Belenjer, Belendzher, Bülünjar) was a medieval city located in the North Caucasus region, between the cities of Derbent and Samandar, probably on the lower Sulak River. It flourished between the seventh and tenth centuries. The legendary founder of Balanjar, according to the Persian and Kurdish chroniclers Ibn al-Faqih and Abu al-Fida, was named Balanjar ibn Yafith (بلنجر بن يافث).

Ukek or Uvek (Turki/Kypchak: ; ; ) was a city of the Golden Horde, situated on the banks of the Volga River, at the Uvekovka estuary. Ukek marked the half-way distance between Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Bolghar, the former capital of Volga Bulgaria. Probably established in the 1240s, Ukek became an important trade center by the early 14th century. Its ruins are located about south of the city center, on the outskirts of the Zavodskoy district of Saratov. A settlement situated next to the ruins still has the name Uvek (Увек).

human settlement in Russia

human settlement in Russia

thumb|right|A view of Mologa around 1910 thumb|right|Afanasyevsky convent in Mologa being submerged in 1941 Mologa () was a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, formerly situated at the confluence of the rivers Mologa and Volga, but now submerged under the waters of the Rybinsk Reservoir. thumb|A street in Mologa before the inundation Mologa existed at least since the 12th century. It was a part of the Principality of Rostov in the early 13th century. Later on, the town was annexed by the Principality of Yaroslavl. In 1321, it became the center of an independent principality. Soon after that, Iva

capital of Khazaria

human settlement in Kuryinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia

Dobrovolsk (, lit. "Voluntary Town"; (1510–1938) or '''' (1938–1947); ; ) is a village in Krasnoznamensky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. It has a population of 1,693 (2010). It is located in the historical region of Lithuania Minor.

Saqsin, also known as Saksin and Saksin-Bolgar, was a medieval city that flourished from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries. It was situated in the Volga Delta (modern-day Astrakhan Oblast), or in the Lower Volga region, and was known in pre-Mongol times as Saksin-Bolgar, which in Mongol times became Sarai Batu. It was mentioned by the Arab geographer al-Gharnati and the Persian Qazwini, among others, and recorded as "the land of the Saksins" in the report of Friar Benedict of Poland about the 1246 trip of Giovanni da Pian del Carpine through the camp of Mongol prince Batu Khan on the s

Kepoi or Cepoi (Ancient Greek: Κῆποι, Russian: Кепы) was an ancient Greek colony situated on the Taman peninsula, three kilometres to the east of Phanagoria, in the present-day Krasnodar Krai of Russia. The colony was established by the Milesians in the 6th century BC. In the Hellenistic period, it was controlled by the kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus, who (according to Aeschines) made a present of a place called "the Gardens" to Gylon, the grandfather of Demosthenes. The town reached its peak in the 1st centuries AD, but the Huns and Goths put an end to its prosperity in the 4th century. Sovi

thumb|Tumen (Chimgi-Tura) on Sigismund von Herberstein's map, published in 1549 Chimgi-Tura or Chingi-Tura (, ) was a medieval city in the 12th to 16th centuries located in Western Siberia. After the Russian conquest, it was refounded as Tyumen.

thumb|right|The ruins of Tiversk.|231x231px Tiversk or Tiurinlinna (, ) is a site of ancient Karelian settlement and a ruined fortification near Melnikovo (Räisälä in Finnish) in the Karelian Isthmus. The fortification has been in use in different stages in history and it has also been described as a village. The site used to be an island of the River Vuoksi, which became a peninsula after 1857, near rapids. The island is approximately long and wide.

Gamsutl (; ) is a ghost town in the Gunibsky District of Dagestan, Russia, that lies on Mount Gamsutlmeer at an altitude of roughly 1,400 meters above sea level.

Ashli or Aşlı (cv. Аскиль trn.Askil, ; pronounced ) was a mysterious medieval Volga Bulgarian town. In Russian chronicles it is known as Oshel ().

thumb|upright=1.3|250px|Political map of the Caucasus region in 1060 Maghas or Maas, more properly, Mags or Maks, was the capital city of Alania, a medieval kingdom in the Greater Caucasus. It is known from Islamic and Chinese sources, but its location is uncertain, with some authors favouring North Ossetia and others pointing to Arkhyz in modern-day Karachay–Cherkessia, where three 10th-century churches still stand.

Korcheva () was a town in central Russia, on the territory of the modern Konakovsky District, Tver Oblast, on the Volga River, with a population of a few thousand people. It was first mentioned in the 1540s as a selo. Korcheva received town status in 1781 by the order of the empress Catherine II. Korcheva was the administrative center of Korchevskoy Uyezd, one of the uyezds of Tver Viceroyalty and subsequently, from 1803, of Tver Governorate. The town was prosperous until it was bypassed by the railroads in the latter half of the nineteenth century.

Cükätaw (; ; ; ), also known as Zhukotin (), was a medieval Bolgar city during the 10th to 15th centuries CE. The city was situated on the right bank of the Kama, near the modern city of Chistopol.

Khazaran was a city in the Khazar kingdom, located on the eastern bank of the lower Volga River. It was connected to Atil by a pontoon bridge.

Qashan () was a medieval city in Volga Bulgaria, on the right bank of Kama river from the 12th to the 15th century.

human settlement in Troitsky Administrative Okrug, Moscow, Russia

ancient human settlement in Russia