Former Native American polities

', also known as Mexico-Tenochtitlan', was a large Mexican in what is now the historic center of Mexico City. The exact date of the founding of the city is unclear, but the date 13 March 1325 was chosen in 1925 to celebrate the 600th anniversary of the city. The city was built on an island in what was then Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico. The city was the capital of the expanding Aztec Empire in the 15th century until it was captured by the Tlaxcaltec and the Spanish in 1521.

former Mesoamerican empire

historical group of Iroquoian peoples in what is known as Canada

Tlacopan, also called Tacuba, (, [t͡ɬaˈkóːpan̥], , 'in the forest of trees') was a Tepanec / Mexica altepetl on the western shore of Lake Texcoco. The site is today the neighborhood of Tacuba, in Mexico City.

state in present-day central Mexico (c. 1300-1530)

capital city of the pre-Columbian K'iche' Maya of highland Guatemala.

pre-Columbian city-state

Nahua state

thumb|400px|Chimú Tapestry Shirt, 1400–1540, Camelid fiber and [[cotton – Dumbarton Oaks]]

former country

period of Incan resistance to Spanish conquest

Pre-Columbian polity based in the city of Tiwanaku in western Bolivia that extended around Lake Titicaca and Peru

former country

pre-Columban city (altepetl) in Mexico

Tainos tribes in Hispaniola

19th Century Native American confederation in the Great Lakes region

thumb|The seal of Kuskatan based on the "Lienzo de Tlaxcala" with the symbol of an altepetl Cuzcatlan (; ) was a pre-Columbian Nahua state confederation of the Mesoamerican postclassical period that extended from the Paz river to the Lempa river (covering most of western El Salvador); this was the nation that Spanish chroniclers came to call the Pipils or Cuzcatlecos. No codices survive to shed light on this confederation except the Annals of the Cakchiquels, although Spanish chroniclers such as Domingo Juarros, Palaces, Lozano, and others claim that some codices did exist but have since disap

pre-Columbian city-state of the Valley of Mexico

former indigenous Maya state on the Yucatán peninsula

loose confederations of different Muisca rulers (Bogota, Tunja, Duitama and Sogamoso) in the central Andean highlands of present-day Colombia before the Spanish conquest of northern South America

South American chiefdom

Post-classic confederation of Mayan states

Guale was a historic Native American chiefdom of Mississippian culture peoples located along the coast of present-day Georgia and the Sea Islands. Spanish Florida established its Roman Catholic missionary system in the chiefdom in the late 16th century.

former country

Comancheria (, 'Comanche land'; ), also known as the Comanche Empire, was a large country covering modern New Mexico, West Texas, and nearby areas that was occupied by the Comanche before the 1860s. The historian Pekka Hämäläinen has argued that Comancheria formed an empire at its peak, and that view has been echoed by other historians.

Confederation of Native American tribes in the Great Lakes Region

ethnic group

Tocobaga (occasionally Tocopaca) was the name of a chiefdom of Native Americans, its chief, and its principal town during the 16th century. The chiefdom was centered around the northern end of Old Tampa Bay, the arm of Tampa Bay that extends between the present-day city of Tampa and northern Pinellas County. The exact location of the principal town is believed to be the archeological Safety Harbor site. This is the namesake for the Safety Harbor culture, of which the Tocobaga are the most well-known group.

group of native polities that flourished towards the Late Intermediate Period, after the fall of the Tiwanaku Empire, whose societies were geographically located in the Qullaw

Mesoamerican empire

Tacatacuru was a Timucua chiefdom located on Cumberland Island in what is now the U.S. state of Georgia in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was one of two chiefdoms of the Timucua subgroup known as the Mocama, who spoke the Mocama dialect of Timucuan and lived in the coastal areas of southeastern Georgia and northern Florida.

The Saturiwa were a Timucua chiefdom centered on the mouth of the St. Johns River in what is now Jacksonville, Florida. They were the largest and best attested chiefdom of the Timucua subgroup known as the Mocama, who spoke the Mocama dialect of Timucuan and lived in the coastal areas of present-day northern Florida and southeastern Georgia. They were a prominent political force in the early days of European settlement in Florida, forging friendly relations with the French Huguenot settlers at Fort Caroline in 1564 and later becoming heavily involved in the Spanish mission system.

right|250px|thumb|The now-submerged site of Zimmerman's Island, where ancient Chiaha was locatedChiaha was a Native American chiefdom located in the lower French Broad River valley in modern East Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. They lived in raised structures within boundaries of several stable villages. These overlooked the fields of maize, beans, squash, and tobacco, among other plants which they cultivated. Chiaha was at the northern extreme of the paramount Coosa chiefdom's sphere of influence in the 16th century when the Spanish expeditions of Hernando de Soto and Juan Pardo

thumb|300px|John Smith (explorer)|John Smith's map of the [[Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. The map, c. 1612, details the location of numerous villages within Tsenacommacah. It is oriented with west being at the top.]] Tsenacommacah (pronounced in English; also written Tscenocomoco, Tsenacomoco, Tenakomakah, Attanoughkomouck, and Attan-Akamik) is the name given by the Powhatan people to their native homeland, the area encompassing all of Tidewater Virginia and parts of the Eastern Shore. More precisely, its boundaries spanned by from near the south side of the mouth of the James River all

altépetl or pre-Columbian city-state in central Mexico

thumb|right|300px|A proposed route for the first leg of the de Soto Expedition, based on Charles M. Hudson (author)|Charles M. Hudson map of 1997

Pohoy was a chiefdom on the shores of Tampa Bay in present-day Florida in the late sixteenth century and all of the seventeenth century. Following slave-taking raids by people from the Lower Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy (called Uchise by the Spanish and "Lower Creeks" by the English) at the beginning of the eighteenth century, the surviving Pohoy people lived in several locations in peninsular Florida. The Pohoy disappeared from historical accounts after 1739.

right|thumb|Approximate territory of the Jaega chiefdom in the late 17th Century

thumb|right|upright=0.9|Map of the Valley of Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest showing the location of lake Xaltocan.

thumb|Glyph for Tizatlan

Maya kingdom from the Classic period ruled by the Kaanu'l dynasty of Dzibanche