Former proposed space launch system concepts

Kliper (Клипер, English: Clipper) was an early-2000s proposed partially-reusable (excluding orbital section and thermal protection shield) crewed spacecraft concept by RSC Energia. Due to a lack of funding from the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Space Agency (RSA), the project was indefinitely postponed in 2006.

prototype single-stage-to-orbit rocket

spaceplane design

Cancelled American spacecraft

HOPE (H-II Orbiting Plane) was a Japanese experimental spaceplane project designed by a partnership between NASDA and NAL (both now part of JAXA), started in the 1980s. It was positioned for most of its lifetime as one of the main Japanese contributions to the International Space Station, the other being the Japanese Experiment Module. The project was eventually cancelled in 2003, by which point test flights of a sub-scale testbed had flown successfully.

Indian concept for a crewed single-stage reusable spaceplane

company

spaceplane designed in 1960s-1995

Re-usable rocket booster proposed for Angara carrier rocket

prototype of a reusable SSTO

The is a proposed vertical takeoff and landing (VTVL), single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO), reusable launch system (rocket-powered spacecraft) by the .