Former theocracies

territories mostly in the Appenine Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope between 756–1870

Shia Islamic caliphate (909–1171)

city-state on the Appenine Peninsula between 1115–1532/69

Taliban-led partially recognized government of Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001

The Qarmatians were an Isma'ili Shia militant movement led by a dynasty of Persian descent, centred in Al-Ahsa in Eastern Arabia, where they established a religious state in 899 CE. Its members were part of a movement that adhered to a syncretic branch of Sevener Ismaili Shia Islam, and were ruled by a dynasty founded by Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi. They rejected the claim of Fatimid Caliph Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah to imamate and clung to their belief in the coming of the Mahdi, and they revolted against the Fatimid and Abbasid Caliphates.

crusader state formed by the Teutonic Order during the 13th century Northern Crusades

1121–1269 Berber empire in North Africa and Iberia

abbey in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Tibet as a de facto independent state, and its history between 1912 and 1951

Ibadi ruling house in Maghreb

former archdiocese and state of the Holy Roman Empire (898–1801)

khanate ruled by bogd khan on Outer Mongolia from 1911 to 1919 and 1921 to 1924

priestly title in ancient Egypt

Chinese rebel state (1851 to 1864)

1848-1850 provisional state founded by Mormons

Anabaptist rebellion

'''T'aebong''' () was a state established by Kung Ye on the Korean Peninsula in 901 during the Later Three Kingdoms period.

Balkan theocratic state

Abbey in Germany

historical region in eastern and central Oman

client state of the Roman Republic from 37 BCE, when Herod the Great was appointed "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate

since 1186 to 1561, medieval archdiocese in Livonian confederation

7th-century polity in the Arabian Peninsula

Jewish monarchy in Judea and surrounding regions during the Second Temple period (140–37 BCE)

theocratic kingdom of present day Guinea

history of the island of Malta under the rule of the Knights of St. John

former unrecognized state in Kurdistan Region

West African state (1776–1861)

territory of the Holy Roman Empire

1597–1849 state in southwest Arabia

former sovereign state in Ethiopia

former country in Europe