French inventions

high-performance forward error correction codes

automotive suspension in which the spring action is from twisting-force applied to a metal bar

windmill

thumb|right|450px|Tintype of two girls in front of a painted background of the Cliff House, San Francisco|Cliff House and Seal Rocks in San Francisco, thumb|300px|Studio tent of ferrotypist J. Q. Galusha, 12,7 × 17,7 cm, USA, c. 1880–1900 A tintype, also known as a melanotype or ferrotype, is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal, colloquially called 'tin' (though not actually tin-coated), coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic emulsion. It was introduced in 1853 by Adolphe Alexandre Martin in Paris. It competed wit

artillery projectile

field-effect transistor incorporating a heterojunction as the channel

The CYCLADES computer network () was a French research network created in the early 1970s. It was one of the pioneering networks experimenting with the concept of packet switching and, unlike the ARPANET, was explicitly designed to facilitate internetworking.

specific type of graphic flow diagram where arrow widths are proportional to the flow rates

Industry standard for hybrid digital television

cinematography technique

mechanical drawing toy

bicycle tube valve

Caml (originally an acronym for Categorical Abstract Machine Language) is a multi-paradigm, general-purpose, high-level, functional programming language which is a dialect of the ML programming language family. Caml was developed in France at French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA) and École normale supérieure (Paris) (ENS).

disposable ballpoint pen

balloon filled with gas less dense than air

type of firearm cartridge where the hammer strikes a small pin which protrudes radially from just above the base of the cartridge to ignite the primer and fire it

mechanism that reduces pressure of a gas supply and provides it to the diver at ambient pressure

pharmaceutical drug

any of several styles of tool (guillotine, scorer, rolling blade) specialised for cutting paper

porcelain water filter

animated moving picture system

commercial airliner able to fly faster than the speed of sound

gas burner

thumb|Classic twin-hose Cousteau-type aqualung Aqua-Lung was the first open-circuit, self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (or "scuba") to achieve worldwide popularity and commercial success. This class of equipment is now commonly referred to as a twin-hose diving regulator, or demand valve. The Aqua-Lung was invented in France during the winter of 1942–1943 by two Frenchmen: engineer Émile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau, who was a Naval Lieutenant (). It allowed Cousteau and Gagnan to film and explore underwater more easily.

time of day voice service

Braille form of musical notation

thumb|right|Le Théâtrophone, an 1896 lithograph from the ''Les Maitre de L'Affiches'' series by [[Jules Chéret]] Théâtrophone (, "the theatre phone") was a telephonic distribution system available in portions of Europe that allowed the subscribers to listen to opera and theatre performances over the telephone lines. The théâtrophone evolved from a Clément Ader invention, which was first demonstrated in 1881, in Paris. Subsequently, in 1890, the invention was commercialized by Compagnie du Théâtrophone, which continued to operate until 1932.

fast setting hydraulic cement

'''Plumpy'Nut''' is a peanut-based paste, packaged in a plastic wrapper, for treatment of severe acute malnutrition. Plumpy'Nut is manufactured by Nutriset, a French company. Feeding with the packets of this paste reduces the need for hospitalization. It can be administered at home, allowing more people to be treated.

post transported with gas ballons

Bouts-Rimés (French, literally 'rhymed-ends') is the name given to a kind of poetic game defined by Addison in the Spectator as "lists of words that rhyme to one another, drawn up by another hand, and given to a poet, who was to make a poem to the rhymes in the same order that they were placed upon the list".

cinematographer

thumb|upright=1.2|right|A petard, from a seventeenth-century manuscript of military designs thumb|upright|right|A 19th-century British army petard (in center, projecting from the copper circle), mounted on a madrier, with braces

flip-over coffeemaker that relies on gravity

toy boat using a simple steam engine

thumb|upright 0.9|Lithophane of Frederick the Great, lit from front. After a well known painting by [[Julius Schrader (1849).]] thumb|The same lithophane, backlit

daguerreotype

number or alphanumeric characters assigned to a stretch of public roadway often dependent on the type of road

thumb|One of the pyrophones constructed by Kastner, as seen in 2013 in the Musée historique de Strasbourg upright|thumb|Durant's diagram of the sound-creating gas burners, the, "mechanisms that allowed two flames to unite or diverge to produce a musical note" thumb|Kastner

constructed language

mixture of calcium polysulfides and thiosulfate used as pest control agent

bus formed of three sections

ship whose hull is primarily made of concrete

manufacturing process of synthetic gemstones

thumb|Pierre Gaveaux, 1821, by [[Edme Quenedey (1756–1830) after a physiognotrace]]

Early color photography method

French WWI air-to-air rocket

high-pressure cooker invented by Denis Papin in 1679 to allow paupers to consume bones and low-quality meat

Device to measure torque of a machinde

ChorusOS is a microkernel real-time operating system designed as a message passing computing model. ChorusOS began as the Chorus distributed real-time operating system research project at the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA) in 1979. During the 1980s, Chorus was one of two earliest microkernels (the other being Mach) and was developed commercially by startup company Chorus Systèmes SA. Over time, development effort shifted away from distribution aspects to real-time for embedded systems.

first practical smokeless gunpowder

thumb|upright|Scopitone machine Scopitone is a type of jukebox featuring a 16 mm film component. Scopitone films were a forerunner of music videos. The 1959 Italian Cinebox/Colorama and Color-Sonics were competing, lesser-known technologies of the time one year before the Scopitone in France.

orthography for Occitan language

balloon attached to the ground

thumb|240px|Cinéorama Cinéorama was an early film experiment and amusement ride presented for the first time at the 1900 Paris Exposition. It was invented by Raoul Grimoin-Sanson and it simulated a ride in a hot air balloon over Paris. It represented a union of the earlier technology of panoramic paintings and the recently invented technology of cinema. It worked by means of a circulatory screen that projects images helped by ten synchronized projectors.

K-Way is a brand of waterproof clothing, famous for its nylon windbreaker jacket that fits into a fanny pack, invented in 1965 in the North of France by Léon-Claude Duhamel. After declining, the brand was bought by an Italian company in 2004, then relaunched as a fashionable product, with an increase in the range of items sold. The K-Way word has become an antonomasia, a common name which started to broadly define such type of garments.

style and type of windows which often serve as doors

arithmetic tool