Fungal morphology and anatomy

Resupination is derived from the Latin word resupinus, meaning "bent back with the face upward" or "on the back". "Resupination" is the noun form of the adjective "resupine" which means "being upside-down, supine or facing upward".

300px|thumb|right|Capillitial threads and spores from the gleba of the puffball [[Lycoperdon echinatum]] Capillitium (pl. capillitia) is a mass of sterile fibers within a fruit body interspersed among spores. It is found in Mycetozoa (slime molds) and gasteroid fungi of the fungal subdivision Agaricomycotina. In the fungi, the form of the capillitia, including shape, size, branching patterns, presence or absence of slits or pores, thickness of the walls, and color, are features that can be used to identify certain species or genera.

thumb|300px|right|The cuticle of some mushrooms, such as Russula ochroleuca shown here, can be peeled from the cap, and may be useful as an identification feature.

seed coat

thumb|upright=1.6|Schematic representations of a typical basidiocarp (left to right): a fruiting body, [[hymenium and basidia]]

A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from , and .

mushroom anatomy

thumb|Illustration showing cephalodium in relation to other parts of the lichen:1 – Cephalodium 2 – Cyanobacteria 3 – Cortex 4 – Green algal photobiont 5 – Medulla A cephalodium () is a small gall-like structure found in some lichens. They occur only in lichens which contain both cyanobacterial and green algal partners. Cephalodia can occur within the tissues of the lichen, or on its upper or lower surface. Lichens with cephalodia can fix nitrogen, and may be an important contributor of nitrogen to the ecosystem.

thumb|right|Close-up of Gymnosporangium clavariiforme telia emerging from [[Juniperus communis bark]] thumb|right|Micrograph of two teliospores from telia of Gymnosporangium clavariiforme Telium, plural telia, are structures produced by rust fungi as part of the reproductive cycle. They are typically yellow or orange drying to brown or black and are exclusively a mechanism for the release of teliospores which are released by wind or water to infect the alternate host in the rust life-cycle. The telial stage provides an overwintering strategy in the life cycle of a parasitic heteroecious fungus

thumb|Acervulus morphology. cu: Plant cuticle|cuticle, co: [[conidium, cf: conidiophore, ps: pseudo-parenchymatic stroma, hi: hypha.]] An acervulus (pl. acervuli) is a small asexual fruiting body that erupts through the epidermis of host plants parasitised by mitosporic fungi of the form order Melanconiales (Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes). It has the form of a small cushion at the bottom of which short crowded conidiophores are formed. The spores escape through an opening at the top.

Temporary membraneous tissue

fungal structure produced during germination

species of fungus

227x227px|The porcini, Boletus edulis, showing the solid looking, spongy bottom surface, which is the defining characteristic of boletes.|alt=A bolete, Boletus edulis, showing the solid looking, spongy bottom surface, which is the defining characteristic of boletes.|thumb

mycology

thumb|Close up of aecia of Puccinia sessilisAn aecium (plural aecia) is a specialised reproductive structure found in some plant pathogenic rust fungi that produce aeciospores. Aecia may also be referred to as "cluster cups". The term aecidium (plural aecidia) is used interchangeably but is not preferred.

thumb|Cora glabrata thumb|Lichenomphalia umbellifera thumb|Multiclavula mucida Basidiolichens are lichenized members of the division Basidiomycota within the subkingdom Dikarya of the kingdom Fungi. They form a diverse yet much smaller group of lichens than the far more common ascolichens of the division Ascomycota. Owing to how few described species there are, basidiolichens are generally considered to be poorly researched, and few studies that characterize their natural products exist. Biogeographically, basidiolichen species may be distributed in a cosmopolitan manner or more regionally, ra

mushroom cap protuberance

The adjective hygrophanous refers to the color change of mushroom tissue (especially the pileus surface) as it loses or absorbs water, which causes the pileipellis to become more transparent when wet and opaque when dry.

thumb|250px|Yellow pseudocyphellea on the underside of a species of Pseudocyphellaria in Patagonia Pseudocyphellae (singular pseudocyphella) are structures in lichens that appear as tiny pores on the outer surface (the cortex) of the lichen. They are caused when there is a break in the cortex of the lichen, and the medullary hyphae extend to the surface. Pseudocyphellae are the same colour as the medulla of the lichen, which is generally white, but can be yellow in some species of Pseudocyphellaria and in Bryoria fremontii. The presence/absence, abundance, colour, and shape of pseudocyphellae

Dividing walls between cells of some fungi

thumb|Podetia rising up from the primary thallus of Cladonia coniocraea A podetium (plural: podetia) is the upright secondary thallus in Cladonia lichens. It is a hollow stalk extending from the . Podetia can be pointed stalks, club like, cupped, or branched in shape and may or may not contain the ascocarp, the fruiting body, of the lichen. It is not considered part of the primary thallus as it is a fruiting structure for reproduction. A lichen can be described as "podetiate" when it forms a podetium.

thumb|Urediniospores of 11 Milesina (fungus)|Milesina species. a [[Milesina blechni on Struthiopteris spicant b Milesina blechni on Struthiopteris spicant, cracked spore with released plasma, germ pores scattered c Milesina carpatica on Dryopteris filix-mas d Milesina exigua on Polystichum braunii, smooth surface e Milesina exigua on Polystichum braunii, smooth surface, plasma-free spore, germ pores bipolar f Milesina feurichii on Asplenium septentrionale with smooth areas on surface g Milesina feurichii on Asplenium septentrionale, cracked plasma-free spore, germ pores scattered h Milesina kr

thumb|Light microscopy of [[Puccinia graminis with an aecium releasing its aeciospores through the broken leaf surface. A=Aeciospore, B=Aecium. Scale bar = 0.1 mm]] Aeciospores are one of several different types of spores formed by rusts. They each have two nuclei and are typically seen in chain-like formations in the aecium.

small pore in the outer wall of a fungal spore

space or indentation, usually on a leaf

thumb|right|Lower cortex of Peltigera praetextata showing rhizines In lichens, rhizines are multicellular root-like structures arising mainly from the lower surface. A lichen with rhizines is termed rhizinate, while a lichen lacking rhizines is termed erhizinate. Rhizines serve only to anchor the lichen to their substrate; they do not absorb nutrients, as plant roots do. Characteristics of the rhizines are used to identify lichens, for example, whether they are dense or sparse, uniformly distributed or clumped in specific areas, and straight or branched. Only foliose lichens may possess rhizin

A fenestra (fenestration; : fenestrae or fenestrations) is any small opening or pore, commonly used as a term in the biological sciences. It is the Latin word for "window", and is used in various fields to describe a pore in an anatomical structure.

thumb|In the angiosperm zygote, the filamentous suspensor is indicated by (II)(4).