Gall-inducing insects

thumb|Galls made by D. vitifoliae on leaf of Vitis sp. Grape phylloxera is an insect pest of grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern North America. Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch 1855) belongs to the family Phylloxeridae, within the order Hemiptera, bugs); originally described in France as Phylloxera vastatrix; it is equated to the previously described Daktulosphaera vitifoliae and Phylloxera vitifoliae. The insect is commonly just called phylloxera (; from , leaf, and , dry).

thumb|right|A cecidomyiid laying eggs on grass thumb|thumbtime=0:51|Cecidomyiid in copula thumb|thumbtime=1:40|Cecidomyiid oviposting into boreholes of bark beetles on a fallen beech

family of insects

thumb|Phylloxera perniciosa winged adult thumb|Galls made by Phylloxera perniciosa on hickory (Carya) thumb|Galls made by Daktulosphaira vitifoliae on leaf of [[Vitis sp.]]

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Cynips is a genus of gall wasps in the tribe Cynipini, the oak gall wasps. One of the best known is the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii), which induces characteristic spherical galls about two centimeters wide on the undersides of oak leaves.

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thumb|Eurosta solidaginis larva Eurosta is a genus of gall maker flies in the family Tephritidae (known as fruit flies in North America and picture wing flies in Europe). There are seven species in the genus, all in North America.

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thumb|Asphondylia solidaginis, gall in goldenrod (Solidago) thumb|Asphondylia solidaginis pupa in its gall

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Caryomyia is a genus of hickory gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. They are often known as the hickory gall midges since most species feed on various species of hickory. There are at least 30 described species in Caryomyia.

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Rhopalomyia is a genus of gall midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae. There are at least 267 described species in Rhopalomyia. Most species in this genus induce galls on plants in the Asteraceae. This genus has a cosmopolitan distribution. Rhopalomyia was first established by Ewald Heinrich Rübsaamen in 1892. thumb|left|Rhopalomyia clarkei pupa

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thumb|Diastrophus nebulosus larvae in gall Diastrophus is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. There are at least 23 described species in Diastrophus.

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thumb | right | Figure 1. Tetramesa amica Lotfalizadeh, sp. nov. A female habitus in lateral view B head of female in frontal view C female antenna D male antenna. Tetramesa is a genus of phytophagous wasps. The genus has over 200 described species , and recently the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria have also been synonymized within Tetramesa in light of phylogenomic evidence. They are generally species-specific gall inducers and can be used as biological control for invasive grasses. Adults feed on nectar.

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