Gauge bosons

A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless particles that can only move at one speed, the speed of light measured in a vacuum. The photon belongs to the class of boson particles.

In theories of quantum gravity, the graviton is the hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravitational interaction. It is a quantum of gravitational wave energy. There is no complete quantum field theory of gravitons due to the unsolved mathematical problem of renormalization in general relativity. This problem is avoided in string theory, which has the graviton as a massless state of a fundamental string, but that theory has not made sufficient progress.

force carrier, a bosonic particle that carries any of the fundamental interactions of nature, commonly called forces

massive gauge bosons that mediate the weak nuclear interaction

charged massive gauge bosons in the SU(5) Georgi–Glashow grand unified model mediating proton decay, filling out the adjoint representation of SU(5) together with the gluon, the photon and the W and Z bosons

Leptoquarks are hypothetical particles that would interact with quarks and leptons. Leptoquarks are color-triplet bosons that carry both lepton and baryon numbers. Their other quantum numbers, like spin, (fractional) electric charge and weak isospin vary among models. Leptoquarks are encountered in various extensions of the Standard Model, such as technicolor theories, theories of quark–lepton unification (e.g., Pati–Salam model), or Grand Unified Theories based on SU(5), SO(10), E6, etc. Leptoquarks are currently searched for in experiments ATLAS and CMS at the Large Hadron Collider in CERN.

hypothetical gauge bosons that arise from extensions of the electroweak symmetry of the Standard Model

2-form gauge field in the NS–NS sector in 10-dimensional supergravity and superstring theory, under which fundamental strings are charged