Gene delivery

thumb|upright=1.35|Diagram of a bacterium showing chromosomal DNA and plasmids (Not to scale) A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria and archaea; however plasmids are sometimes present in eukaryotic organisms as well. Plasmids often carry useful genes, such as those involved in antibiotic resistance, virulence, secondary metabolism and bioremediation. While chromosomes are large and contain all th

genetic modification of a patient's cells to produce a therapeutic effect

planned genetic alteration of a cell by uptake of genetic material from the environment

DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell

thumb|right|230px|Cuvettes for in-vitro electroporation. These are plastic with aluminium [[electrodes and a blue lid. They hold a maximum of 400 μL.]]

Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. It may also refer to other methods and cell types, although other terms are often preferred: "transformation" is typically used to describe non-viral DNA transfer in bacteria and non-animal eukaryotic cells, including plant cells. In animal cells, transfection is the preferred term, as the term "transformation" is also used to refer to a cell's progression to a cancerous state (carcinogenesis). Transduction is often used to describe virus-mediated gene transfer into prokaryotic cells.

novel type of vaccine

thumb|The Escherichia coli|E. coli colonies glowing green under near-UV light have been transformed with a [[plasmid containing the transgene green fluorescent protein from Aequorea victoria]] A transgene is a gene that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques, from one organism to another. The introduction of a transgene, in a process known as transgenesis, has the potential to change the phenotype of an organism. Transgene describes a segment of DNA containing a gene sequence that has been isolated from one organism and is introduced into a diff

biotechnology to deliver genetic material into a cell

device

thumb|Microinjection of a fluorescent dye into [[Ciona intestinalis eggs positioned in a microwell array.]]

introduction of foreign genetic material into host cells

pharmaceutical drug

medical product

Gendicine is a gene therapy medication used to treat patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma linked to mutations in the TP53 gene. It consists of recombinant adenovirus engineered to code for p53 protein (rAd-p53) and is manufactured by Shenzhen SiBiono GeneTech.